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Page 33
allied
academies
November 21-22, 2019 | Singapore
Global Experts Meeting on 12th International Conference on
STD-AIDS and
Infectious Diseases
Allergy, Immunology
and Rheumatology
Joint Event
&
J Infectious Disease Med Microbiol, Volume 3
Innate and adaptive immunity
Ahmed Mansour
ISMU, Russia
Immunity is the capability of multicellular organisms to resist
harmful microorganisms fromentering it. Immunity involves
both specific and nonspecific components. The nonspecific
components act as barriers or eliminators of a wide range
of pathogens irrespective of their antigenic make-up. Other
components of the immune system adapt themselves to
each new disease encountered and can generate pathogen-
specific immunity. An immune systemmay contain innate and
adaptive components. The innate system in mammalians,
for example, is composed of primitive marrow cells that are
programmed to recognise foreign substances and react. The
adaptive system is composed of more advanced lymphatic
cells that are programmed to recognise self-substances
and don't react. The reaction to foreign substances is
etymologically described as inflammation, meaning to set
on fire. The non-reaction to self-substances is described
as immunity, meaning to exempt or as immunotolerance.
These two components of the immune system create a
dynamic biological environment where "health" can be seen
as a physical state where the self is immunologically spared,
and what is foreign is inflammatorily and immunologically
eliminated. "Disease" can arise whenwhat is foreign cannot be
eliminated or what is self is not spared.
• Innate immunity, also called native immunity, exists by
virtue of an organism’s constitution, that is its genetic
make-up, without an external stimulation or a previous
infection. It is divided into two types: (a) Non-Specific
innate immunity, a degree of resistance to all infections
in general. (b) Specific innate immunity, a resistance to a
particular kind of microorganism only. As a result, some
races, particular individuals or breeds in agriculture do
not suffer from certain infectious diseases.
• Adaptive immunity can be sub-divided depending on
how the immunity was introduced in 'naturally acquired'
through chance contact with a disease-causing agent,
whereas 'artificially acquired immunity' develops through
deliberate actions such as vaccination. Both naturally and
artificially acquired immunity can be further subdivided
depending on whether the host built up immunity itself
by antigen as 'active immunity' and lasts long-term,
sometimes lifelong. 'Passive immunity' is acquired
through transfer (injection or infusion) of antibodies or
activated T-cells from an immune host; it is short lived—
usually lasting only a fewmonths.
• Adaptive immunity can also be divided by the type
of immune mediators involved; humoral immunity is
the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted
antibodies, whereas cell mediated immunity involves
T-lymphocytes alone. Humoral immunity is called active
when the organism generates its antibodies, and passive
when antibodies are transferred between individuals or
species. Similarly, cell-mediated immunity is active when
the organisms’ T-cells are stimulated, and passive when T
cells come from another organism.
e:
Notes:
Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology | Volume 3