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J u l y 2 3 - 2 4 , 2 0 1 8 | R o m e , I t a l y
allied
academies
Joint Event on
Cardiology Congress 2018 & Microbe Infection 2018
Biomedical Research
|
ISSN: 0976-1683
|
Volume 29
2
nd
World Congress on
CARDIOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY AND MICROBIAL INFECTION
&
39
th
Annual Congress on
Reza Nassiri, Biomed Res 2018, Volume 29 | DOI: 10.4066/biomedicalresearch-C1-002
THREATS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Reza Nassiri
Michigan State University, USA
G
lobal consumption of antibiotics has increased nearly 40% in the last
decade. The incredible rapid resistance of antibiotic resistance which is
taking place worldwide is not only a serious threat to the practice of modern
medicine, but equally important, a threat to global public health. This urgent
issue is so alarming that it caught the attention of G-20 Summit in both China
(2016) and Germany (2017), let alone the U.N. Assembly in 2016 had called
for a special meeting of “superbugs” which focused on the escalating drug
resistance with respect to the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea and
carbapenem resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
. While the causes of antibiotic
resistance are complex, certainly human behavior play a significant role in
the spread of antibiotic resistant genes. In addition to the human behavior,
the drivers of resistance include agriculture sector, animal husbandry,
household and industry – these factors contribute significantly to the spread
of the resistant genes within the ecosystem. Such resistant mechanisms are
continuously emerging globally, which threatens our ability to treat common
infections, resulting in increased death, disability and costs. Since the
development and clinical use of penicillins, nearly 1000 resistant-related beta-
lactamases that inactivate various types of antibiotics have been identified.
The emergence of resistance to last-resort treatments known as extended-
spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) is now eminent. The five riskiest superbugs
are recognized as (1) the original one:
Staphylococcus Aureus
(MRSA), (2) the
hospital lurkers: Clostridium Difficile and Acinetobacter, (3) the food borne
pathogens:
Escherichia Coli
and
Salmonella
, (4) The sexually-transmitted
infections: Gonorrhea and Chlamydia, and (5) TB. India is a typical example
of encountering the deadly bacterial resistance. The high prevalence of the
mrc-1
gene in
E. Coli
samples both in animals and raw meat, with the number
of positive-testing samples are increasing each year in China. On average,
more than 20 percent of bacteria in the animal samples and 15 percent of the
raw meat samples carried the
mrc-1
gene. Numerous European countries
have reported the existence of
mrc-1
gene in the isolates from human,
isolates from animals used for food, isolates from food, and isolated from the
environment. In conclusion, pathogens rapidly develop mutations that render
current treatments ineffective – resistance to carbapenems, one of the ‘last
lines’ of antibiotics, is widespread and has been observed in numerous
countries. Therefore, there is an urgent need between research universities
and industry aimed at developing novel antimicrobial agents to save the
practice of modern medicine.
Reza Nassiri is a former Associate Dean of Global
Health at the Michigan State University (MSU). He
also served as MSU director of Institute of Internation-
al Health. He is currently Professor of Pharmacology
and Toxicology, Professor of Family and Community
Medicine, and, lecturer in Global Health, Infectious
Diseases and Tropical Medicine. He currently works
on international public health issues relating to infec-
tious diseases and has expertise in global health. He
has made contributions in various fields of medical
sciences including clinical investigation and health
education. On the basis of his extensive experience
and expertise in chronic infectious diseases including
HIV/AIDS, TB, antimicrobial resistance and human gut
microbiome, he has developed clinical research pro-
grams in Brazil, Haiti, Dominican Republic and Mexico.
He had served as editorial board member for the jour-
nal of HIV and AIDS Review.
Reza.Nassiri@hc.msu.eduBIOGRAPHY