Journal of Pulmonology and Clinical Research

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Mini Review - Journal of Pulmonology and Clinical Research (2023) Volume 6, Issue 2

Various approaches for treating of Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypertension

Sophie Kate’s*

Department of hypertension, The University of Western Australia, Australia

*Corresponding Author:
Sophie Kate’s
Department of hypertension
The University of Western Australia
Australia
E-mail:sophie@kates.au.in

Received: 26-Feb-2023, Manuscript No. AAJPCR-23-94573; Editor assigned: 28-Feb-2023, PreQC No. AAJPCR-23-94573(PQ); Reviewed: 14-Mar-2023, QC No. AAJPCR-23-94573Revised: 19-Mar-2023, Manuscript No. AAJPCR-23-94573(R); Published: 26-Mar-2023, DOI:10.35841/aajpcr-6.2.139

Citation: Kate’s S. Various approaches for treating of Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypertension. J Pulmonol Clin Res. 2023;6(2):139

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Abstract

  

Introduction

Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) has been shown to be associated with hypertension, especially in obese children. During sleep, the upper airway muscles can relax and obstruct the flow of air to the lungs, leading to periods of apnea (absence of breathing). This can cause a decrease in oxygen levels in the blood, which triggers the release of stress hormones that can increase blood pressure. Studies have shown that children with OSAS are more likely to have hypertension than those without OSAS.[1].

The severity of OSAS and the degree of oxygen desaturation during sleep are also correlated with the severity of hypertension. Obesity, which is a common risk factor for both OSAS and hypertension, can further exacerbate the relationship between the two conditions. Treatment of OSAS with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy has been shown to improve blood pressure in children with hypertension and OSAS. Weight loss can also help improve both conditions in obese children. It is important for healthcare providers to screen for and monitor hypertension in children with OSAS, as early detection and management can prevent long-term complications. Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is a common sleep disorder in children, characterized by partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway during sleep. There are several approaches for treating pediatric OSAS, which can be broadly classified into non-surgical and surgical options.[2].

Lifestyle modifications: This includes weight loss, avoiding alcohol or sedatives before bedtime, and sleeping in a lateral position. Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) therapy, this includes Continuous Positive Airway pressure (CPAP), which delivers a steady stream of air through a mask to keep the airway open during sleep. Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) may also be used, which adjusts the pressure during inhalation and exhalation. Oral appliances, these are devices that are worn in the mouth during sleep to reposition the tongue and jaw, which can help to keep the airway open. Nasal corticosteroids, these medications can reduce inflammation in the nasal passages, which may help to improve airflow.[3].

Adenotonsillectomy, This is the most common surgical procedure for pediatric OSAS, which involves the removal of the tonsils and adenoids. Maxillofacial surgery: This may be recommended for children with facial abnormalities that contribute to airway obstruction. Tracheostomy this is a procedure in which a tube is inserted through a hole in the neck to bypass the upper airway and provide an alternate route for breathing. The choice of treatment for pediatric OSAS depends on the severity of the condition, the age and health of the child, and other individual factors. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate approach for each child. Hypertension syndrome, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition that requires treatment to avoid long-term health consequences such as heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. There are several approaches to treat hypertension syndrome, including lifestyle changes, medications, and alternative therapies.

Lifestyle changes, lifestyle changes are the first-line treatment for hypertension syndrome. They can include the following, Diet, Adopting a diet that is low in sodium, high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help lower blood pressure. This diet is called the DASH diet. Exercise regular physical activity, such as brisk walking, jogging, swimming, cycling, or any other form of aerobic exercise, can lower blood pressure. Limit alcohol and quit smoking: Drinking alcohol in moderation and quitting smoking can help reduce blood pressure, Medications If lifestyle changes are not sufficient to control hypertension syndrome, medications may be prescribed by a healthcare professional. Commonly prescribed medications include .Diuretics these medications help eliminate excess salt and water from the body, lowering blood pressure. Beta-blockers: These medications reduce the heart's workload and lower blood pressure.[4].

Calcium channel blockers these medications relax the blood vessels, making it easier for blood to flow and lowering blood pressure. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors these medications block the production of a hormone that narrows blood vessels, reducing blood pressure. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) these medications block the action of the hormone that narrows blood vessels, reducing blood pressure.

Alternative therapies alternative therapies are not commonly used to treat hypertension syndrome, but some studies suggest that they may help lower blood pressure. These therapies include Acupuncture this therapy involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body to balance the body's energy and promote healing. Biofeedback this therapy involves using sensors to monitor bodily functions such as blood pressure and heart rate and learning how to control them. Meditation and yoga: These therapies help reduce stress and promote relaxation, which can help lower blood pressure. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any treatment for hypertension syndrome.[5].

References

  1. Labarca G, Schmidt A, Dreyse J, et al.Efficacy of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) and Resistant Hypertension (RH): Systematic review and meta-analysis..Sleep Med Rev. 2021;58:101446.

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  2. Kang KT, Chiu SN, Lee CH, et al.Effect of adenotonsillectomy on blood pressure in children with obstructive sleep apnea: A meta-analysis..Sleep Med. 2021;84:334-42.

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  3. Kaditis AG, Alexopoulos EI, Hatzi F, et al.Overnight change in brain natriuretic peptide levels in children with sleep-disordered breathing.. Chest. 2006;130(5):1377-84.

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  4. Nisbet LC, Yiallourou SR, Walter LM, et al.Blood pressure regulation, autonomic control and sleep disordered breathing in children.. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18(2):179-89.

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  5. Cheng ET, Chan RN, Chan KC, et al..Level of urinary catecholamine in children with Sleep Disordered Breathing: A systematic review and meta-analysis.. Sleep Med. 2022.

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