Journal of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics

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Rapid Communication - Journal of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics (2025) Volume 10, Issue 1

The Role of Oncogenes in Tumorigenesis: From Discovery to Therapy

Alana Godhwani *

Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, USA

*Corresponding Author:
Alana Godhwani
Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, USA
E-mail: alana.godhwani@iu.edu

Received: 1-Jan-2025, Manuscript No. JMOT-25-157406; Editor assigned: 3-Jan-2025, PreQC No. JMOT-25-157406 (PQ) Reviewed:17-Jan-2025, QC No. JMOT-25-157406Revised:24-Jan-2025, Manuscript No. JMOT-25-157406; Published:31-Jan-2025, DOI: 10.35841/jmot- 10.1.243

Citation: Godhwani A. The role of oncogenes in tumorigenesis: From discovery to therapy. J Med Oncl Ther. 2025;10(1):243

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Introduction

The discovery of oncogenes marked a pivotal moment in our understanding of cancer biology. Oncogenes are mutated or overexpressed versions of normal cellular genes, known as proto-oncogenes, that drive uncontrolled cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and promote tumor development. Over the past few decades, extensive research has elucidated the mechanisms through which oncogenes contribute to tumorigenesis, paving the way for targeted therapies that aim to disrupt their activity [1].

The identification of oncogenes can be traced back to the groundbreaking work of Peyton Rous, who discovered the Rous sarcoma virus in chickens in 1911. Subsequent studies in the 1970s revealed that viral oncogenes, such as v-src, have cellular counterparts, which were later termed proto-oncogenes. This discovery laid the foundation for understanding how mutations in these genes could lead to cancer [2].

Oncogenes can be activated through various mechanisms, including point mutations, gene amplification, chromosomal translocations, and insertional mutagenesis. For example, the Ras oncogene is frequently activated by point mutations, while MYC amplification and BCR-ABL translocation are common events in cancers such as neuroblastoma and chronic myeloid leukemia, respectively [3].

Several oncogenes have been extensively studied due to their prevalence in human cancers. The RAS family (KRAS, NRAS, HRAS), MYC, BCR-ABL, and HER2 are among the most well-known oncogenes. Each plays a unique role in cellular signaling pathways that regulate proliferation, survival, and differentiation. For instance, HER2 overexpression is a hallmark of certain breast cancers and serves as a critical therapeutic target [4].

Oncogenes not only affect cancer cells directly but also interact with the tumor microenvironment. They can influence angiogenesis, immune evasion, and stromal cell behavior, thereby creating a supportive ecosystem for tumor growth and metastasis [5].

The understanding of oncogene-driven tumorigenesis has led to the development of targeted therapies. Drugs like imatinib (targeting BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia) and trastuzumab (targeting HER2 in breast cancer) have revolutionized cancer treatment by specifically inhibiting oncogenic proteins while sparing normal cells [6].

Despite the success of targeted therapies, challenges remain. Oncogene addiction, drug resistance, and tumor heterogeneity often limit the long-term efficacy of treatments. Cancer cells can develop secondary mutations or activate alternative signaling pathways, enabling them to bypass oncogene inhibition [7].

Emerging technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, RNA-based therapies, and novel small molecule inhibitors offer promising avenues for targeting oncogenes. Personalized medicine approaches, guided by genomic profiling, are increasingly being employed to identify and target specific oncogenic drivers in individual patients [8].

The integration of oncogene research into precision medicine is transforming cancer care. By analyzing tumor-specific genetic alterations, clinicians can select therapies tailored to target specific oncogenic pathways, improving patient outcomes and minimizing adverse effects [9].

Future research aims to overcome resistance mechanisms and identify novel oncogenes and their regulatory networks. Combining targeted therapies with immunotherapy and other treatment modalities holds promise for achieving more durable responses [10].

Conclusion

The role of oncogenes in tumorigenesis underscores the importance of understanding their mechanisms of action for effective cancer treatment. From their initial discovery to the development of targeted therapies, oncogene research continues to shape the landscape of oncology. With ongoing advancements in genomics and precision medicine, the future holds great potential for overcoming current challenges and improving cancer treatment outcomes.

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