Current Pediatric Research

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Review Article - Current Pediatric Research (2024) Volume 28, Issue 4

The impact of carbonated milk beverages on human health

Sweety Kumari1*, Simridhi Jain1, Syed Abbas Shakeel1, Swarnima Singh1, Solomon Creeham Kharbuli1, Saleem Siddiqui1, Devesh Raj2, Sujata Pandit Sharma3

1Department of Food Science, Sharda University, Uttar Pradesh, India

2Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Uttar Pradesh, India

3Department of Life Science, Sharda University, Uttar Pradesh, India

Corresponding Author:
Sweety Kumari
Department of Food Science,
Sharda University,
Uttar Pradesh,
India
E-mail: sweetyck.05@gmail.com

Received: 26 March, 2024, Manuscript No. AAJCP-21-37058; Editor assigned: 29 March, 2024, Pre QC No. AAJCP-21-37058 (PQ); Reviewed: 12 April, 2024, QC No. AAJCP-21-37058; Revised: 19 April, 2024, Manuscript No. AAJCP-21-37058 (R); Published: 26 April, 2024, DOI:10.35841/0971-9032.28.04.2213-2216.

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Abstract

Carbonated milk beverages are drinks produced by the fermentation process (addition of yeast) and carbonated by mechanical or physical method. Recent studies show the consumption of carbonated milk beverages are becoming popular due to their nutritional and therapeutic effects. Products like kefir, koumiss, carbonated probiotic drinks and sparkling milk. According to research kefir has different health benefits like gastrointestinal proliferation, anti-bacterial spectrum, an anti-carcinogenic effect due to the presence of lactic acid formed during fermentation. It is also good for those who are lactose intolerant because of the high B-galactosidase activity enzyme which helps break down lactose sugar. Koumiss is first used by Mongolian people to treat tuberculosis, ulcers and hepatitis. It is rich in vitamin C, A, E, D and antibiotics. Carbonated probiotic drinks help in maintaining cholesterol level because lactic acid hinders the growth of bacteria in the small intestine by attaching the hexagen. Carbonated blueberry flavoured milk helps to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, anti-inflammatory effects and some forms of cancer because blueberry is a source of vitamins, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds (anthocyanins). Like this, some more benefits of carbonated milk beverages on human health are discussed briefly in this review which will be discovered by researchers.

Keywords

Carbonated milk beverages, Kefir, Koumiss, B-galactosidase, Hexagen, Blueberry, Flavonoids, Anthocyanins.

Introduction

The massive section of dairy beverages currently consumed is Milk. Milk has been reduced in sales in recent years because of its public image as being less healthy than another substitute. Even though milk sales have been decreasing, drinkable yogurt is self-assured for notable growth. Drinkable yogurt has begun to become more and more liked and has a growth of 66% from 2012-2017. Carbonated dairy beverages are beverages that are dairy-based such as, milk, yogurt and buttermilk etc. Carbonation can be done through either microbiological or physical methods.

Literature Review

The inclusion of carbonation in these drink results in a prickle effect upon consumption and alters the consumer sensory experience. There has been a rise in interest, consumption and availability of carbonated dairy beverages in recent years. Cola drinks are extremely famous worldwide and a yogurt beverage has the effect of improving the exhilarating and reviving taste of ordinary yogurt. Thus, carbonated drinkable yogurt may be a good option that would be available in the market. Carbonation also affects the quality, sensory attributes and pro-biotic content of dairy and yoghurt beverages. These carbonated products have been used to preserve milk, so that it is less biodegradable accessible and more consumable as of lactose disintegration during the fermentation process. Dairy beverages have a high amount of calcium, phosphorous, protein and micronutrient. They play an important role in the reduction of bone homeostasis. Carbonated items like yogurt and soft cheese supply a large number of nutrients than the same quantity of plain milk because of milk powder and makes yogurt denser [1]. Thus, yogurt utilization may ensure a more regular slug of milk products because of vicious taste. The major effects have been summarized (Table 1).

Health effects Impact on human
body
Anti-microbial  property Milk beverages contains some impressive substitute that can be protective against different infection and disease and it also hinders the growth of
spoilage
Effect on cholestrol     level Milk beverages slows down the ventures by binding cholesterol and triglycerides in the small intestine. propionic acid hinders the hypo-cholesteric effect
Effect on gastro- intestinal system In this lactic acid is produced which accelerate the lactose digestion and help in the
curing diarrhea
Healing action on  body Milk beverages boosts up our immunity and helps for the treatment of wounds via anti-septic attributes of milk beverages
EFFect on cardio-vascular system Milk beverages contains lactic acid which hinders the growth of the bacteria in the small intestine by binding the halogen-C27H46O lower its
level by 33%
Effect on cancer Fermented milk beverages can be protective against tnf-alpha tnf-beta and be12 lower the secretion produced as a proliferative effect against cancer cell. It contains LAB which lowers the actions of fecal enzyme that promotes
anti-carcinogenic response
Effect on obesity Consuming carbonated milk drink can reduced obesity level as it contains lactobacillus which has a strong correlation with the adipose and hepatic tissue it regulates the   intestinal microbiota and pre-vented obesity and oxidation which leads to a loss in obesity

Table 1. Healthy attributes of fermented milk beverage.

Discussion

Antimicrobial properties of carbonated milk beverages

From studies, it is believed that carbonated milk beverages have certain impacts on our health. Taking into consideration, kefir is one of the substitutes that have various health benefits. Kefir has organisms that may give rise to some antimicrobial substances like lactic acid, acetic acid, CO2, hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, diacetyl and bacteriocins [2].

Bacteriocin is generated from lactobacillus plantarum forbids gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Kefir shows a bactericidal effect on gram-negative bacteria. This property has been noticed contrary to Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus pyogenes bacteria and Candida albicans fungi. Kefir grains are seen to have more antimicrobial activity than kefir itself and mainly in opposition to gram-positive cocci with staphylococci and gram-positive bacilli. So from studies of the twentieth century, it was noticed that the fermented milk was prepared in liquid form also when kefir grains were used and the antimicrobial property of kefir was separated. Also, it was noticed that kefir and fermented milk contain some amazing substitutes that can further be used in the protection from various infections and diseases. It was also observed that phenolic compounds were also connected with antimicrobial activity for a very long time. Blueberries are also seen as a valuable and fine source for antimicrobial negotiators for medicinal, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. Many authors have researched the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of blueberry extracts, making them hinder the growth of good pathogens like E.coli, Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Acinetobacterbaumannii, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigellasonnei, Bacillus cereus. Furthermore, various authors have announced that the extracts of blueberry may help lower biofilm formation, bacterial resistance to traditional antimicrobial warriors. Although, blueberries extract was also used in curing certain infections and diseases. At present, the consumption of carbonated milk beverages is remarkably high in terms of health benefits, thus granting comfort to human health [3].

Effect of carbonated milk beverages on cholesterol level

As we all know that for maintaining our cholesterol level, a proper diet should be taken. Studies recommend that by consuming fermented milk our cholesterol levels will be maintained. Probiotic pints of milk are also suggested for maintaining cholesterol levels. Lactic acid hinders the growth of bacteria in the small intestine by attaching the hexogen cholesterol and is abundant in kefir and reduces the level of cholesterol by 33% either directly or indirectly. During the fermentation process, kefir particles reduce the level of cholesterol in milk. Kefir contains certain bacteria that get delinked with bile salts and lower the level of serum cholesterol. Bile Salt Hydrolase (BSH) enzyme is produced from Lactobacillus spp. that make sure the process of deconjugation. Also, bile salts hydrolase the activity of deconjugating bile salt. The dissolved particles in deconjugated bile acids are less and several of these acids are engaged by the intestine thus, increasing the bile acids discharge.

From a study, it was revealed that hypercholesterolemic males were dealt with kefir for about 4 weeks and it was established that there is no remarkable change in serum cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol levels, from cholesterol. One more study revealed that there was a quite reduction in the level of triaxial glycerol, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol of mice that is consuming a high-fat diet [4]. Also, it was assumed to make an appearance from the hindrance of intestinal lipid absorption. Kefir brings down the cardiac and vascular sympathetic hyperactivity and provides firmness to cardiac parasympathetic hypoactivity.

Healing action of carbonated milk beverages

Healing action is a set of many actions which comprises cell migration, cell division, chemotaxis and many types of differentiation in the cell. Even though vital antibiotics are generally used for treating the wound but there can be certain side effects of medicines on our health so from studies it is suggested that probiotics can reduce the inflammation of lymphocyte and macrophage group alternatively in wounds and on the other hand it boosts up our immunity and hastens the wound healing action via antiseptic attributes of kefir polysaccharide which obstruct the accumulation of dangerous bacteria. In research of rats, it was supervised that augmentation of collagen collection of kefir in the rats have matured the corrosive esophagitis and have convinced effect on the healing of the wound. Kefir tends to fend off the expansion of fungus and bacterial cells, regulates the immune system and stabilizes the movement of wound healing. An additional study happened with rats that assessed the wound healing effect of kefir, a poisoned injury that was doctored with kefir gel for about 7 days which later got diminished quickly [5].

Effect of carbonated milk beverages on gastrointestinal system

Many studies observed that carbonated milk beverages have some beneficial effects on our gastrointestinal system. Some fermented dairy products hinder the unacceptable microorganisms and help in the production of beneficial lactic acid microflora in the small intestine. There are some severe boundaries for the resistance to the probiotic bacterium in the gastrointestinal system, like the presence of pH issues, bile salts and digestive enzymes. Additionally, probiotic bacteria safeguard from pathogenic bacteria by joining with intestinal epithelial cells, restoring them. Milk kefir maintains the pH level of the stomach hence providing much time to the bacteria to proceed to the upper parts of the small intestine. Foods that contain probiotic substances modify the intestinal microbiota and contribute helpful effects to the presenter by making sure that the species enter the gastrointestinal system or by encouraging the growth of helpful bacteria. From an animal study, it is believed that consumption of kefir increases the rate of beneficial bacteria like Lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and diminishing the growth of negative bacteria like Clostridium perfringens. The additional study recommended that from consuming kefir the seriousness of giardia intestinal infection in rats might get alleviated. There is an anaerobic gramnegative bacteria Clostridium difficile which causes complications in our gastrointestinal system such as diarrhoea.

Some studies in rats believed that kefir is beneficial against enterocolitis which is caused by Clostridium difficile [6].

At the starting of this century, it was believed that consuming fermented milk containing feasible lactic acid greatly intervene with the colonization and proliferation of foodborne pathogens, thus avoiding illustration of infection. However, it is recommended that lactic acid bacteria are protective against antibiotic-induced diarrhoea in patients. Numerous apparatus have been advised counting the ability of the cultures to lower the pH of the intestine which commend the growth of lactic acid bacteria and their capability to build acids, which can adverse the environment for accumulating pathogenic [7].

Bacteria. In many studies, the ingestion of fermented milk products has minimized the life span of diarrhoea connected with rotavirus infection. Talking about the last decade, it is stated that a big fragment of anthocyanins in blueberries milk drink does not get digested in the upper gastrointestinal tract. But most of the ingested anthocyanins revealed the intestinal microbiota which successively ingests and does not affect the bioavailability and bioactivity of anthocyanins, nevertheless begins with separate metabolites which one by one may have some non-identical health-promoting effects. Lee, et al. reported that consuming blueberry drink in fatty winstar rats reduces firmicutes and bacteroides and on the other hand grows or expands the proteobacteria and Fuso bacteria. Phenolic compounds alter the gastrointestinal tract all over and later the process has its objective for some analysis. Koumiss is also a classic fermented milk drink that is made from mare's milk. In China and central Asia, it is one of the important and major foodstuffs. The concentration of lactic acid and alcohol content in koumiss is in an excessive amount than in any other fermented milk products. By consuming koumiss, our body can have many health benefits which can improve our gastrointestinal system as it is rich in probiotics. As koumiss is a fermented milk product so it contains a high variety of microorganisms and microbial metabolites that can have a therapeutic effect on the gut microbiota [8].

Anti-aging effect by carbonated milk beverages

Through recent research conducted by several researchers, it has been proved that carbonated milk beverages have a high amount of anti-oxidant property. As the research conducted on blueberry stated that Anthocyanidin's capacity to inhibit lipid oxidation has been linked with its capacity to chelate metal ions, namely through its O-dihydroxy structure of the B-ring. Moreover, it can easily donate the electron in conjugation with a proton from the hydroxyl group attached to the phenol rings therefore stabilizing the radicals. But in the kefir and fermented milk reducing power is very high and suggested that certain metabolites such as gulathiode that demonstrate superior reducing power might be produced during kefir fermentation and which could react with free radical to stabilize and terminate radical chain reaction [9].

Role of carbonated milk beverages in treating cancer

Research conducted on carbonated milk beverages shows that consumption of fermented milk on regular basis can lower the risk of having cancer. Strains that are present in lactic acid bacteria reduce the activity of fecal enzyme which is known to promote the synthesis of carcinogen to stimulate the host immune system but there is little evidence. According to kefir, research kefir contains Lactobacillus which plays an important role in the anti-humour effect and shows the positive effect of the consumption of the immune system. Kefir also decrease the TNF-ALPHA, TNF-BETA and Be12 secretion lower the level of TNF-ALPHA secretion produced as an anti-proliferative effect against cancer cell.

Effect of carbonated milk beverages on cardiovascular system

According to recent research carbonated beverages has a huge impact on health especially on the cardiovascular effect, in fermented milk, two strains of Lactobacillus helveticus were used to produce fermented milk rich in angiotensin-converting enzyme through the in-vitro revealed that fermented milk with the two strains Lactobacillus helveticus control the blood pressure. The enzyme angiotensin 1 and 2 helps in the breakdown of bradykinin which causes cardiovascular diseases. But in the kefir research said that because of a presence of lactic acid, which inhibits the bacteria in the small intestine by binding the hexogen cholesterol which directly and indirectly reduces the cholesterol level by 33%. According to the epidemiological studies investigate suggest that cardiovascular disorder is an endothelial function is a flowmediated dilation in the brachial artery using high-resolution ultrasound. Anthocyanin present in the blueberry reduced cardiovascular disease and other outcomes is like blood pressure, blood lipid profile due to heterogeneity.

Effect of carbonated milk beverages on obesity

According to the research data evidence that consuming kefir can help in lowering the obesity level due to the presence of Lactobacillus/Lactococous and the total yeast, the amount is higher which showed a strong correlation with adipose and PAP-alpha genetic expression in hepatic tissue. Kefir regulated the intestinal microbiota and pre-vented obesity and NAFLD by stimulating fatty acid and oxidation which cause a loss in obesity. But for the blueberries researcher work on lyophilized has no significant on weight gain or loss in simulation in mice fed with a high-fat diet but the same author work on the anthocyanine extract significant reduction in body fat and fat accumulation in the body, for the fermented milk there is no such research which suggests that there is any role in the reduction of weight by consuming it [10].

Conclusion

The above investigation gives so many reasons to consume carbonated milk beverages not only in the matter of sensory experience but also have a wide range of health benefits. It can be concluded that beverages like kefir, carbonated probiotics, koumiss and carbonated flavoured milk have a number of health benefits such as antimicrobial properties, maintaining cholesterol level, improve the gastrointestinal system and antiaging properties respectively. It is also good for people suffering from obesity due to the presence of bacteria and yeast in high amount which show strong relation with adipose tissue. Some evidence also shows that consumption of carbonated milk beverages helps in treating cancer. So our study shows that consumption of carbonated milk beverages is good for us and people have change their perception. There are still some researches are going on related to the benefits of carbonated milk beverages.

References

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