Commentary - Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology (2018) Volume 2, Issue 2

The 24-Quadruplet genetic code thriving on codon potency, codon integrity, codon uniqueness and codon compatibility.

*Corresponding Author:

Bozegha WB
Department of Numeration Science Literature Development Research Project No. 9 Otiotio Road Yenagoa, Bayelsa State Nigeria
Tel: +2348068029860
E-mail: wbbozegha@yahoo.com

Accepted date: May 25, 2018

Citation: Bozegha WB. The 24-Quadruplet genetic code thriving on codon potency, codon integrity, codon uniqueness and codon compatibility. J Genet Mol Biol. 2018;2(1):6-7.

Introduction

The scientific observation by Molecular Biologists in 1953 that the sequence of the RNA four bases A, U, G, C (Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine) in the nucleus of a cell influenced the sequence of the 20 amino acids of protein in the surrounding cytoplasm of the cell led to the search for what is responsible for the correlation between the two entities: 4 bases and 20 amino acids. In 1954 the answer emerged in the name of genetic code of 64 triplets derived from the four RNA bases by successive collateral posting to digitality 3 level, otherwise described as base crossing method anchored on the formula, 43, where 4 is the number of bases available and 3 is the number of bases per combination [1].

This genetic code derivation formula of 4³ is now changed to 44, meaning permutation of 4 from 4 which by tower multiplication of 4, gives 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1=24 quadruplets. The formula 4³ can also be modified to 44 to produce 256 quadruplets by successive collateral posting method to digitality 4 level. 24 of these alone are permutations, while 232 are non-permutations and must be deleted to obtain the genetic code of 24 permutation quadruplets [2]. So here we have the 24-quadruplet genetic code to be what is responsible for the aforesaid Molecular Biologists’ observation of 1953. A combinatorial input/output multiplicative replication system, using an input set of the four bases in the sequence A, U, G, C in Square Kinematics View Mixing Scheme, Figure 1 yields the output sequence of the 24-quadruplet genetic code as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Square kinematics view mixing scheme with input sequence A, U, G, C

The 24 quadruplets in lines 1-24 of Figure 1 constitute the genetic code derived from the input sequence A, U, G, C of the RNA four bases. So with A, U, G, C as the input sequence of the four bases, the output sequence is the genetic code of 24 quadruplet codons in the sequence shown in Figure 1. The 20 amino acids of the protein type in the cytoplasm of the cell also would stand in sequence corresponding to that of the codons in Figure 1. Whence a change of the sequence of the input set of four bases, out of the 24 possible sequences (permutations), there will be a corresponding change of sequence of the codons of the genetic code output which in turn leads to a change of sequence of the 20 amino acids of the resultant protein type. This is a demonstration of co-linearity between the genetic code of 24 quadruplet codons and protein type of 20 amino acids, where the 20 amino acids are individually engaged for placement in a sequence by 20 codons, with four spare codons for four place and time based start/stop control signals in protein synthesis [3].

The 24 quadruplets listed in Figure 1, being the product of one RNA quadruplet, reflects the potency of the quadruplet codons of this new 24-quadruplet genetic code. So codon potency is the strength of the 24-quadruplets genetic code for protein type proliferation and diversification, duly facilitated by codon compatibility, that is to say codons without neighborhood claims, nor restrictions in sequential alignment [4]. Examination of the 24 quadruplet codons listed in Figure 1 will show (i) That the sequences of the four bases per codon are all different, meaning the codons possess uniqueness in sequence, and (ii) That the four base types are present in each of the 24 codons as in the input set thereby reflecting codon integrity. Codon integrity is the unifying factor of the 24-quadruplet genetic code as the presence of all four bases in all 24 quadruplet codons guarantees codon potency and codon uniqueness. Codon uniqueness ensures individualized functional disposition of codons where 20 of the 24 codons individually engage 20 amino acids for placement in a sequence corresponding to theirs and the rest 4 codons serve as four signals for four place and timebased start/stop controls in protein synthesis geared to protein type proliferation and diversification in an atmosphere of codon compatibility [5].

Conclusion

This 24-quadruplet genetic code equipped with 24 quadruplet codons characterized by potency, integrity, uniqueness and compatibility in addition to collinearity with protein types is the true genetic code with a workforce of strength 24 for ably servicing protein synthesis in Nature since Creation.

Recommendations

Let this 24-quadruplet genetic code be widely publicized to attract experimental experts in genetics to spell it in order to render it fit for coding application in protein synthesis studies.

References

1. Wang K, Schmied WH, Chin JW. Reprogramming the genetic code: From triplet to quadruplet codes. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2012; 51(10):2288-97.
2. Anderson JC, Wu N, Santoro SW, et al. An expanded genetic code with a functional quadruplet codon. Proceedings of the National academy of sciences of the United States of America. 2004; 101(20):7566-71.
3. Söll D, RajBhandary UL. The genetic code-Thawing the ?frozen accident?. J Bioscience. 2006; 31(4):459-63.
4. Agris PF. Decoding the genome: A modified view. Nucleic acids res. 2004; 32(1):223-38.
5. Nirenberg M, Leder P. RNA codewords and protein synthesis: The effect of trinucleotides upon the binding of sRNA to ribosomes. Science. 1964; 145(3639):1399-407.