Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

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Opinion Article - Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (2023) Volume 6, Issue 2

Synthetic Nucleic Acids: Beyond DNA and RNA

Meve wily*

Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA

Corresponding Author:
Meve wily
Department of Chemistry
University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
E-mail: mevewily@gmail.com

Received: 01-Mar-2023, Manuscript No. AABB-23-90562; Editor assigned: 03-Mar-2023, PreQC No. AABB-23-90562(PQ); Reviewed: 17-Mar-2023, QC No AABB-23-90562; Revised: 22-Mar-2023, Manuscript No. AABB-23-90562(R); Published:29-Mar-2023, DOI:10.35841/aabb-6.2.139

Citation: wily M. Synthetic Nucleic Acids: Beyond DNA and RNA. J Biochem Biotech. 2023;6(2):139

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Introduction

Nucleic acids stand out from other sequence-defined biopolymers due to their capacity for accessible high-density information storage and dissemination (including proteins and peptides). There is currently no other polymer or other molecular system that can match this in terms of providing the medium and mechanism for Darwinian evolution. Indeed, DNA has a great chemical stability and can store up to 200 petabytes of data per gramme. This function is supported by a special chemistry that includes the Watson-Crick base-pairing (a combination of hydrogen-bonding and stacking interactions), which enables redundant information encoding and decoding, and the polyanionic phosphodiester backbone, which dominates the physicochemical behaviour and decouples base sequence (i.e., information content) from molecular properties [1].

Engineered science is such a far reaching and multi-disciplinary field that it seems like each new paper sends me into another area of science that I hadn't considered previously. Totally new particles fit for data capacity very much like DNA and RNA, named xeno-nucleic acids, or XNAs. There are loads of motivations to comprehend the constraints of natural or compound data stockpiling. It is genuinely wondrous that the peculiarity exists by any stretch of the imagination; our genome is a seriously dazzling 46-particle assortment (for every chromosome is, on a basic level, a colossally long yet whole atom of DNA). All life, in some measure as far as we might be concerned, involves DNA or RNA for putting away and recovering hereditary data. We know for sure that DNA was not the primary data stockpiling particle, since DNA is totally dependent on a protein duplicating component that is very muddled to have been available at the beginning of life. RNA has been proposed as an expected first particle, since we as of late found that RNA particles can hold a double data stockpiling and synergist job. Be that as it may, it is absolutely impossible to know straightforwardly what the primary particle of life was [2].

The way that DNA and RNA alone exist in life today actually leaves the likelihood that they dominated, continuing in the strides of prior data capacity particles, which maybe might have shaped all the more promptly in the prebiotic climate of early Earth. Crucial science to the side, however, concentrating on novel nucleic acids is significant for biotechnology. Engineered biochemistries could take into account manufactured organic entities or medicines that don't disrupt the arrangement of hereditary qualities shared by all of life. As a commentator recommended, antisense XNAs could be utilized to quiet RNAs of a corresponding succession. Quieting defective hereditary records could cure a great many hereditary infections, including malignant growths. What's more, not normal for customary RNA, XNAs are not designated by cells for debasement. What the scientists did was fabricate nucleic acids with similar four bases-A, C, T, and G-yet with various sugars [3].

Nucleic acids all offer an exchanging sugar-phosphate spine with bases standing out from the sugars (see figure by Watson and Cramp). Generally, engineered nucleic acids like this have must be artificially integrated. Chemicals in nature manage DNA and RNA, not XNAs, and we aren't anyplace near planning compounds without any preparation for any reason. In any case, the creators had the option to advance compounds that come midway: duplicating XNA into DNA and DNA into XNA. A transitional PCR step duplicates DNA into more DNA, so by the numbers all the replicating happens in DNA, however you have XNA at both the start and the end (see figure). It's somewhat of a muddled fix, yet it's a colossal forward-moving step, particularly since they tried it on six different XNAs (that is, six distinct assortments, all with an alternate sugar). They are not the only ones who can create informational databases and useful structures like ligands (aptamers) and catalysts (ribozymes/DNAzymes). The storage, transmission, and evolution of genetic information are also supported by a variety of synthetic alternatives known as xeno nucleic acids (XNAs) [4].

References

  1. Anosova I, Kowal EA, Dunn MR, et al. The structural diversity of artificial genetic polymers. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Dec;44(3):1007-21.

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  2. Benner SA, Ricardo A, Carrigan MA. Is there a common chemical model for life in the universe?. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2004;8(6):672-89.

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  3. Benner SA, Karalkar NB, Hoshika S, et al. Alternative Watson–Crick synthetic genetic systems. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2016;8(11):a023770.

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  4. Burmeister PE, Lewis SD, Silva RF, et al. Direct in vitro selection of a 2′-O-methyl aptamer to VEGF. Chemistry & biology. 2005;12(1):25-33.

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