Journal of Psychology and Cognition

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Opinion Article - Journal of Psychology and Cognition (2024) Volume 9, Issue 2

Social norms: how they develop and influence behavior

David Philips *

Department of Urban Studies, The University of Glasgow, 7 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK

*Corresponding Author:
David Philips
Department of Urban Studies, The University of Glasgow, UK
E-mail: dvdplips@student.gla.ac.uk

Received: 29-Feb-2024, Manuscript No. AAJPC-24-137016; Editor assigned: 01- Mar -2024, PreQC No. AAJPC-24-137016 (PQ); Reviewed:15- Mar-2024, QC No. AAJPC-24-137016; Revised:19- Mar -2024, Manuscript No. AAJPC-24-137016 (R); Published:25- Mar -2024, DOI:10.35841/aara- aaphpp-8.2.221

Citation: Philips D Social norms: how they develop and influence behavior.J Psychol Cognition. 2024;9(2):221

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Introduction

Social norms are the unwritten rules that govern behavior within a society or group. They shape our actions, beliefs, and interactions, providing a framework for what is considered acceptable or unacceptable. Understanding how social norms develop and influence behavior is crucial for comprehending human social dynamics. Social norms emerge through a complex interplay of cultural, psychological, and social factors. They often evolve over time and vary across different societies and communities. Several key processes contribute to the development of social norms:From a young age, individuals learn social norms through a process of socialization within their families, schools, and communities. Through observation, instruction, and reinforcement, children internalize the behaviors and values deemed appropriate by their society [1].

Role Models and Influencers: Influential figures within a community—such as leaders, celebrities, or peers—can shape social norms through their behavior and attitudes. People often emulate these figures, further reinforcing established norms or introducing new ones.Individuals tend to conform to group norms to gain acceptance, avoid rejection, or simply because they believe the norm is correct. This conformity strengthens norms and contributes to their persistence over time.Selective Incentives: Norms may also be reinforced by providing rewards or punishments based on adherence or deviation. For example, social approval, respect, or inclusion can act as incentives for following norms, while ostracism or disapproval can discourage deviation.These norms describe what is commonly done in a particular situation. For instance, if most people in a classroom raise their hands to ask questions, this behavior becomes a descriptive norm.Injunctive norms dictate what is perceived as morally right or wrong. They guide behavior by indicating which actions are approved or disapproved within a society. Breaking injunctive norms often leads to social sanction or disapproval [2].

Proscriptive norms specify behaviors that are prohibited or considered inappropriate. These norms discourage certain actions within a group or society. Prescriptive Norms: Conversely, prescriptive norms prescribe specific behaviors that are expected or encouraged in certain situations. The desire to fit in and gain social approval leads individuals to conform to established norms. This conformity can shape behavior even in the absence of explicit rules or regulations [3].

People often adjust their behavior based on what they believe others expect of them. This can create a self-reinforcing cycle where adherence to norms becomes a social expectation. Norms and Decision Making: Social norms influence decision making by providing a reference point for evaluating options. Individuals may choose courses of action that align with prevailing norms to avoid social censure or to gain approval [4].

Communication styles are deeply influenced by cultural norms. High-context cultures like those found in East Asia (e.g., China, Japan, Korea) rely heavily on implicit cues and nonverbal communication. Social behavior in these cultures emphasizes indirect speech and maintaining harmony through non-confrontational interactions. In contrast, low-context cultures such as those in the United States or Germany prioritize explicit communication, with an emphasis on clarity and directness.Gestures, body language, and personal space also vary across cultures, influencing social behavior. For instance, what may be considered an appropriate distance for conversation varies widely—ranging from closer proximity in Latin American countries to more distance in Northern Europe. Similarly, gestures like nodding or handshakes can carry different meanings and significance across cultures, impacting social interactions and relationships [5].

Proscriptive norms specify behaviors that are prohibited or considered inappropriate. These norms discourage certain actions within a group or society. Prescriptive Norms: Conversely, prescriptive norms prescribe specific behaviors that are expected or encouraged in certain situations. The desire to fit in and gain social approval leads individuals to conform to established norms. This conformity can shape behavior even in the absence of explicit rules or regulations [6].

Social norms, the unwritten rules that govern behavior within a society, play a crucial role in shaping social behavior. These norms dictate appropriate conduct in various settings—such as family gatherings, workplace environments, or public spaces—and are deeply rooted in cultural values [7].

For example, gender roles and expectations vary greatly across cultures. In more traditional societies, social behavior is often governed by rigid gender norms, prescribing distinct roles for men and women. Conversely, in more progressive cultures, there's a greater acceptance of gender fluidity and a broader range of social behaviors associated with masculinity and femininity [8].

: While norms are generally stable, they can evolve over time due to changing social, cultural, or economic conditions. Efforts to shift social norms—such as campaigns against smoking or for environmental conservation—can lead to significant behavioral changes at the societal level. Despite their importance, social norms are not immutable. They can be challenged and adapted through deliberate efforts or shifts in societal attitudes. However, changing norms can be complex and may face resistance due to deeply ingrained behavioral patterns [9].

Norms and Social Change: While norms are generally stable, they can evolve over time due to changing social, cultural, or economic conditions. Efforts to shift social norms—such as campaigns against smoking or for environmental conservation—can lead to significant behavioral changes at the societal level. Despite their importance, social norms are not immutable. They can be challenged and adapted through deliberate efforts or shifts in societal attitudes. However, changing norms can be complex and may face resistance due to deeply ingrained behavioral patterns [10].

conclusion

In conclusion, social norms are fundamental to human societies, providing structure and predictability to social interactions. They are shaped by a multitude of factors and play a critical role in influencing individual and collective behavior. Understanding the development and influence of social norms is essential for navigating and shaping the dynamics of human social life. By recognizing the mechanisms behind social norms, we can better comprehend the complexities of human behavior and work towards positive social change

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