+1 (629)348-3199Short Communication - Biology & Medicine Case Reports (2022) Volume 6, Issue 2
Risk factors on exposing to cadmium on bone tissue.
Nathaniel Watts*
Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
- *Corresponding Author:
- Nathaniel Watts
Department of Toxicology
Medical University of Bialystok
Adama Mickiewicza 2C Street
15-222 Bialystok
Poland
E-mail: attnate@umb.edu.pl
Received: 26-Feb-2022, Manuscript No. AABMCR-22-56752; Editor assigned: 28-Feb-2022, PreQC No. AABMCR-22-56752(PQ); Reviewed: 14-Mar-2022, QC No AABMCR-22-56752; Revised: 16-Mar-2022, Manuscript No. AABMCR-22-56752(R); Published: 23-Mar-2022, DOI:10.35841/aabmcr-6.2.108
Citation: Watts N. Risk factors on exposing to cadmium on bone tissue. Biol Med Case Rep. 2022;6(2):108
Introduction
Heavy metals are dense metals with a high atomic number and weight, and most of them are dangerous even in small doses. Heavy metals include basic metals, transition metals, metalloids, actinides, and lanthanides. Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and chromium (Cr) are widespread (Cr). Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), zinc (Zn), beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), and arsenic (As) may also be termed heavy metals depending on the context. Notably, although beneficial heavy metals only have negative effects at large quantities, detrimental heavy metals can be dangerous even at low doses. Metal pollution is a major worry all over the world due to its toxicity and nonbiodegradability, as well as its ability to accumulate in the environment and in living things [1].
Vulenerability on exposure to cadmium
Industrial practices: Cadmium production for commercial purposes did not begin until the early twentieth century. It was originally employed in electroplating, but it is now mostly utilised in nickel-cadmium batteries, pigments, coatings, and plating, as well as as a plastics and other materials stabiliser (including nonferrous alloys, semiconductors and photovoltaic devices). The highest potential occupational exposures are in cadmium production and refining, nickel-cadmium battery manufacturing, cadmium pigment manufacturing and formulation, cadmium alloy manufacturing, mechanical plating, zinc smelting, brazing with silver-cadmium silver alloy solder, and polyvinylchloride compounding. The principal anthropogenic sources of cadmium in the atmosphere are the smelting of nonferrous metal ores, fossil fuel combustion, ferrous metal manufacturing, municipal garbage incineration, and cement production [2].
The disposal and recycling of electronic and electrical waste (e-waste) has also been identified as a potential source of cadmium exposure, particularly for children. The aquatic environment is polluted by smelting and mining operations, as well as the effluent created by air pollution management (gas scrubbers, in the absence of strict control measures).
Food and drinking-water
If cadmium is present in soil and water, it may be taken up by some crops and aquatic organisms, accumulating in the food chain. Food is the principal source of cadmium in the environment for nonsmokers. Cadmium levels are highest in the kidneys and livers of animals fed cadmium-rich diets, as well as in the kidneys and livers of several oyster, scallop, mussel, and crab species. Cadmium levels are lower in vegetables, cereals, and starchy roots. Cereals/grains, vegetables, beef and poultry organ meats, and seafood are the dietary groups that contribute the most to cadmium exposure when consumption is considered in various countries (especially mollusks) [3].
Smoking
Cadmium levels are naturally high in the leaves of the tobacco plant. As a result, smoking tobacco is a substantial source of exposure, and daily intake by heavy smokers may exceed that gained by food. Cigarette smoking can cause significant increases in cadmium levels in the kidney, which is the most often afflicted organ in cadmium toxicity.
Products
Cheap jewellery, toys, and plastics can be significant sources of cadmium exposure, particularly for children; nevertheless, numerous countries have made efforts to limit or prohibit cadmium usage in such products [4].
Cadmium toxicity in bone tissue
Cadmium toxicity will result in metal metabolism problems, renal calculus formation, and bone degeneration. folks that square measure exposed to metal through living or operating in contaminated areas will develop malacia (softening of the bones) and pathology. as an example, itai-itai illness (characterised by malacia, pathology, painful bone fractures, and excretory organ dysfunction) was once common in an exceedingly region of Japan wherever soil was contaminated with metal from zinc/lead mines. According to in vivo observations in experimental animals, chronic exposure to Cd lowers the mineralization of vertebral bodies, affecting their biomechanical features and making them more sensitive to deformation and fracture. Cd also has an effect on bone formation and mineralization by reducing the expression of osteoblastic development markers (Runx2, osteocalcin), extracellular bone matrix proteins (type I collagen), and mineralization enzymes (alkaline phosphatase-ALP).
In other research, chronic Cd exposure lowers bone volume and increases the proportion of Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) positive cells in the subchondral tibial bone; the increased TRAP activity suggests that enhanced resorption promotes osteopenia. Cd inhibits mesenchymal cell differentiation to osteoblasts, encouraging adipogenesis, as seen by a rise in the percentage of fatty bone marrow. According to the same study, Cd exerts a variety of effects on different types of bone (long bones vs. craniofacial bone)
Cd enhances the formation of osteoclasts in cocultures of osteoblasts and osteoclast precursor cells by raising RANKL expression, TRAP activity, and the production of TRAPpositive cells in the presence of RANKL, according to in vitro studies. Cd may alter RANKL expression in osteoblasts, and so indirectly increase osteoclastogenesis through RANKL, according to the findings. By activating the p38 MAPK pathway and suppressing the Erk1/2 pathway, Cd has been reported to promote osteoblast apoptosis by modifying the cytoskeleton, DNA fragmentation, an increase in the frequency of micronuclei and nuclear bridges, and an increase in reactive oxygen species.
Throughout one's life, bone tissue is continually remodelled. This mechanism coordinates the resorption, synthesis, and mineralization of the bone matrix. Metals, in general, cause two problems: direct toxicity to bone cells on the one hand, and accumulation in the bone matrix on the other. The majority of their direct toxicity affects osteoblasts, lowering differentiation, synthesis activity, and extracellular matrix mineralization. The metal affects osteoclasts in diverse ways, increasing or decreasing TRAP enzyme activity and inhibiting precursor growth [5].
References
- Cai L, Huang Y, Zhou et al. Heavy metal concentrations of agricultural soils and vegetables from Dongguan, Guangdong. J Geogr Sci. 2010;20(1):121-34.
- Garg VK, Yadav P, Mor S, et al. Heavy metals bioconcentration from soil to vegetables and assessment of health risk caused by their ingestion. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2014;157(3):256-65.
- Weidenhamer JD, Miller J, Guinn D et al. Bioavailability of cadmium in inexpensive jewelry. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(7):1029-33.
- Nawrot TS, Staessen JA, Roels HA et al. Cadmium exposure in the population: From health risks to strategies of prevention. Biometals. 2010;23(5):769-82.
- El Idrissi A, van Berkel L, Bonekamp NEet al. The toxicology of zinc chloride smoke producing bombs and screens. Clin Toxicol. 2017;55(3):167-74.
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Indexed at,Google Scholar,Cross Ref