Perspective - Archives of Industrial Biotechnology (2022) Volume 6, Issue 3

Recombinant DNA techniques and methods for genetic modification in plant breeding methods.

Kapuganti Foyer^*

Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK

*Corresponding Author:

Kapuganti Foyer
Department of Biosciences
College of Life and Environmental Sciences
University of Birmingham, UK
E-mail: kwfoyer@bham.ac.uk

Received: 14-May-2022, Manuscript No. AAAIB-22-67244; Editor assigned: 16-May-2022, PreQC No. AAAIB-22-67244(PQ); Reviewed: 30-May-2022, QC No. AAAIB-22-67244; Revised: 02-Jun-2022, Manuscript No. AAAIB-22-67244(R); Published: 09-Jun-2022, DOI:10.35841/aaaib-6.3.112

Citation: Foyer K. Recombinant DNA techniques and methods for genetic modification in plant breeding methods. Arch Ind Biot. 2022;6(3):112

Abstract

Recombinant DNA refers to DNA molecules from two different species that are put into a host organism to create new genetic combinations useful in science, medicine, agriculture, and industry. Because the gene is at the centre of all genetics, laboratory geneticists' primary purpose is to extract, define, and modify genes. Although isolating a sample of DNA from a group of cells is very simple, locating a specific gene within this DNA sample is comparable to finding a needle in a haystack. Consider the fact that each human cell has about 2 metres (6 feet) of DNA. As a result, even a little tissue sample can contain thousands of kilometres of DNA. Recombinant DNA technology, on the other hand, has made it possible to isolate a single gene or other segment of DNA, allowing researchers to determine its nucleotide sequence, study its transcripts, mutate it in highly specific ways, and then reintroduce the modified sequence into a living organism. Continuous use of traditional breeding methods in a given species may reduce the gene pool from which cultivars are derived, making crops more susceptible to biotic and abiotic challenges and impeding future advancement. Several strategies for integrating exotic variation into elite germplasm without causing unwanted effects have been devised.

Keywords

Recombinant DNA, DNA techniques, Genetic modification, Plant breeding.

Introduction

Plant breeding can be roughly characterised as changes in plants caused by human use, ranging from unintended modifications generated by the introduction of agriculture through the use of molecular tools for precision breeding. Plant breeding based on observed variation by selection of plants based on natural variants appearing in nature or within traditional varieties; plant breeding based on controlled mating by selection of plants presenting recombination of desirable genes from different parents; and plant breeding based on monitored recombination by selection of specific genes or marker profiles [1].

Plant breeding can be seen of as a form of coevolution between people and edible plants. Changes in the plants utilised for agriculture were caused by people, and these new plant types allowed for changes in human populations. Plants that produced more abundant harvests freed up part of the people's time to pursue art, handcrafting, and science, which finally led to modern human life as we know it. Civilization would be impossible to continue without agriculture, and agriculture would be impossible to support without contemporary crop types. It is apparent from this perspective that plant breeding is one of the most important foundations of civilisation. Agriculture employs only a small percentage of the population in industrialised countries. For the most part, individuals rely on an unspoken social agreement that someone will give food in exchange for some kind of service or gift. This agreement is so fundamental to modern living that most people take it for granted that food will always be accessible at the nearby store. Agriculture failure, on the other hand, might jeopardise the deal, putting people in danger of starvation. As a result, safeguarding agriculture entails ensuring the cornerstone pact of contemporary society. Manipulating a single trait, disregarding all others, is unlikely to result in a useful variety. Selecting for one trait will change correlated traits, sometimes in the desired direction, other times in an unfavorable way.

Selection can lead to unanticipated changes that are assumed to pose no risk to consumers or the environment. The methods presented in this paper can be considered a reference against which transgenic plants are compared with regard to their food safety. The most primitive form of plant breeding was the selection of naturally occurring variants in the wild and, later, in cultivated fields. Today, almost all plant breeding programs involve some use of hybridization [2,3].

Landraces are populations of plants that have been cultivated for many generations in a certain region. They are dynamic genetic entities, continuously changing as a consequence of intentional and unintentional selection. Landraces can still derive from modern cultivars, if certified seed production is discontinued and seeds are planted recurrently. Landraces are the most valuable genetic resources for long-term plant breeding programs. Seed banks around the world keep thousands of samples of landraces under "ex situ" conservation. New systems of germplasm conservation have been built on social networks connecting people interested in the subject. In self-pollinating species, such as rice and wheat, landraces can be thought of as a mixture of pure lines, including some heterozygous individuals derived from a low frequency of cross-pollination. Mass selection and recombination of the top-performing portion of the population result in a gradual increase in the frequency of favorable alleles. The true creative power of plant breeding resides in promoting recombination for shuffling favorable alleles [4]. One could conceivably start a commercial breeding program from a dozen well-adapted founding parents. The limit of this escalation is the financial viability of returns in the seed market and associated business. Breeding is a strategy to improve the capacity of the pedigree method to promote gains for quantitative traits, especially yield. It is based on the hypothesis that one can improve complex traits by changing simpler traits that are positively correlated with them. Using landraces as parents in breeding programs normally results in marked reduction in yield [5].

Population breeding is an open-ended scheme of consecutive rounds of selection and recombination. In modern population breeding, the objective is to increase the value of the population as a source of elite lines. The simplest version of population breeding is the mass selection method applied to cross-pollinated species. The general scheme of population breeding is very flexible, allowing customization to specific needs and objectives of different species and breeding programs. Population breeding can also be used as a prebreeding scheme, because its frequent crossing events promote recombination between exotic and elite genomes, purging unfavorable genes from the population. Hybrid vigor decays rapidly through generations of inbreeding, indicating that, whatever is the mechanism underlying heterosis, it is due to the presence of heterozygous loci. For this reason, breeding programs are focused on developing competitive F1 hybrids, in which heterozygosis is at its maximum [6,7].

Conclusion

It can be concluded that neither process- nor product-oriented triggers are superior for addressing challenges posed by nGMs. The specific trigger definitions and their implementation are more important when defining the range of covered products. With the advent of nGMs coherent regulation of novel biotechnology products becomes even more challenging. The decision as to whether certain nGM applications should fall under the respective biosafety frameworks is critical for the scope and quality of risk assessment which is provided for these applications. Non-registered and undescribed products developed by certain nGMs can be difficult to detect and keep track of. This will result in a serious challenge for international trade between such countries. A public international registry which includes all biotech products that are placed on the market is essential.

References

1. Yamagishi N, Kishigami R, Yoshikawa N. Reduced generation time of apple seedlings to within a year by means of a plant virus vector: a new plant?breeding technique with no transmission of genetic modification to the next generation. Plant Biotechnol J. 2014;12(1):60-8.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

2. Lusser M, Parisi C, Plan D, et al. Deployment of new biotechnologies in plant breeding. Nat. Biotechnol. 2012;30(3):231-9.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

3. Hartung F, Schiemann J. Precise plant breeding using new genome editing techniques: opportunities, safety and regulation in the EU. Plant J. 2014;78(5):742-52.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

4. Nuijten E, Messmer MM, Lammerts van Bueren ET. Concepts and strategies of organic plant breeding in light of novel breeding techniques. Sustain. 2016;9(1):18.

Google Scholar, Cross Ref

5. Charlesworth D. Evolution of plant breeding systems. Curr Biol. 2006 Sep 5;16(17):R726-35.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

6. Haroon M, Wang X, Afzal R, et al. Novel plant breeding techniques shake hands with cereals to increase production. Plant. 2022;11(8):1052.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

7. Anders S, Cowling W, Pareek A, et al. Gaining acceptance of novel plant breeding technologies. Trends in Plant Science. 2021;26(6):575-87.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref