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Case Report - Otolaryngology Online Journal (2016) Volume 6, Issue 3

Otolaryngologic Manifestations of Sanjad Sakati Syndrome- A Case Report

Segana Hasan Abdul Cader*, Fahim Ahmed Shah and S.K.G.Reghunandanan Nair

Department of ENT, Sur Hospita, Sultanate of Oman

*Corresponding Author:
Segana Hasan Abdul Cader
Department of ENT, Sur Hospital, South Sharqiya region, Sur, Sultanate of Oman
E-mail: dr_shac@yahoo.com

Received date: March 18, 2016; Accepted date: June 10, 2016; Published date: June 13, 2016

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Abstract

Sanjad-Sakati syndrome (SSS) or hypoparathyroidismretardation- dysmorphism (HRD) or Middle East syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genetic manifestation seen predominently from the Middle East and Arabian Peninsula. Children affected with this condition are typically born with features of intrauterine growth retardation and present early with hypocalcaemic convulsions, typical facial dysmorphic features, severe growth retardation, developmental delay, low IQ and congenital hypoparathyroidism1,2. The condition is caused by mutations or deletions in the TBCE gene on Chromosome No.1 the locus is 230 kb region of gene with mutations in individuals who are affected3.There are exceptional cases who are not affected due to a TCBE gene abnormality4

Abstract

Sanjad-Sakati syndrome (SSS) or hypoparathyroidismretardation- dysmorphism (HRD) or Middle East syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genetic manifestation seen predominently from the Middle East and Arabian Peninsula. Children affected with this condition are typically born with features of intrauterine growth retardation and present early with hypocalcaemic convulsions, typical facial dysmorphic features, severe growth retardation, developmental delay, low IQ and congenital hypoparathyroidism [1,2]. The condition is caused by mutations or deletions in the TBCE gene on Chromosome No.1 the locus is 230 kb region of gene with mutations in individuals who are affected [3].There are exceptional cases who are not affected due to a TCBE gene abnormality [4].

Keywords

Hypoparathyroidism, Facial dysmorphism, Recurrent ear infections

Introduction

To date, fewer than 20 reports have been published worldwide in English discussing SSS. Overall, consanguinity was found in 2 of our 3 patients.

Patients with SSS typically present in the newborn period with tetany, seizures, or apnea due to hypocalcemia and recurrent infections, probably due to immune defects [5]. In the present study, most of the cases had been diagnosed during the neonatal period due to hypocalcemia/seizures or apnea, phenotypic pictures, or raised awareness of the syndrome among affected families. The syndrome has a wide variety of clinical features, including deep-set eyes, micrognathia, thin lips, small maxilla, severely decayed teeth, beaked noses, depressed nasal bridges, external ear anomalies, small hands and feet, short stature, and learning difficulties [6]. In addition, hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia are constant findings. All of our patients showed the cardinal features described previously

Neurological manifestations in the form of microcephaly, developmental delay, mental retardation, and seizures were reported in all patients. Speech was not affected grossly but they have some problems of articulation and they do well after speech therapy and they develop intelligible speech thereafter, some showed abnormal EEG tracings

Case report

Here we present three children with following details who presented to us in ENT department of Sur Hospital, Oman multiple times as Outpatient with recurrent ear infections and upper respiratory infections. The following chart details the various features as below. This has been prepared based on computer retrospective records of case progress of these patients (Tables 1,2).

Features Case 1 Case 2 Case3
Age 6 years 7 years 2 years
Date of Birth 2009 2008 2013
Sex Female Female Male
Birth weight 1325 gms 1450 gms 1950 gms
Onset of symptoms 20 days after birth 18 days after birth 22 days after birth
Mental and motor development Delayed milestones Delayed milestones Delayed milestones
Consanguinity First degree First degree No
  Micrognathia Present Present No
Retrognathia Present No No
Prominent forehead Present Present No
Deep set eyes Present Present Mild
Thin lips Present Present Present
Depressed nasal bridge Present Present Present
Beaked nasal tip Yes Yes Yes
Low set ears(fig 1) Present Present Normal ears
Big rotated ears Yes No No
Microtia No No Minimal
Lips Thin lips with long philtrum Thin lips Thin lips
Tooth decay(fig 2) Dental decay Dental decay Minimal decay
Palatal arch Narrow Normal Normal
Ear infections Recurrent pseudomonas otitis Recurrent pseudomonas otitis Recurrent AOM
Otoacoustic emission Bilateral passed Bilateral passed Bilateral passed
Speech Articulaton defect Mild articulation problem Delayed speech
Stertor Mild No No
Latest weight 5500 GMS 6400 GMS 7200 GMS
Radiological findings Nephrocalcinosis Nephrocalcinosis Normal
Calcium level
N-2.3 to2.8 mmol/l		 2.28 2.3 1.66
Phosphate level(n-1.45 to 2.16 mmol/l) 2.8 1.50 2.71
Pth (n-10-60 micromol/l) <0.3 <0.1 <0.1
Creatinine 19.99 uMol/l 31.8 uMol/l 21.3uMol/l
Immunoglobulin levels Normal Normal Normal
Chromosomal analysis C.155-166 del 12 bp Homozygous 46 XX Normal Karyotype 46 XY Normal Karyotype
Others associations Nephrocalcinosis, Hypothyroidism, Epilepsy,pinoscrotal hypoplasia and short penis Labial fusion, vaginal atresia, Epilepsy Epilepsy
Outcome of patient Expired Alive Alive

Table 1: Computer retrospective records of case progress of these patients.

Country Number of reported cases Clinical features Genetic defect
  Kuwait   21 Short stature, microcephaly, deep-set eyes, blue sclera, large floppyear lobule, small hands and feet, mental retardation,hypoparathyroidism, and hypocalcemia   c.155-166del
    Qatar     8 Dysmorphology, deep-set eyes, depressed nasal bridge with beakednose, long philtrum, thin upper lip, micrognathia, large floppy earlobes, abnormal skeletal survey, developmental delay,hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia     Not available
  Belgium   2 Facial dysmorphism, short limbs, small hands and feet, smallgenitalia, hypoparathyroidism, and severe pre- and postnatal growthretardation   C.H.: c.66-67del
c.1113T>A
  Jordan   8 Short stature, microcephaly, deep-set eyes, small hands and feet,mental retardation and learning difficulties, hypoparathyroidism,hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and low levels of PT     c.155-166del
  This report   3 Dysmorphism, preominent forehead, triangular face with deep-set eyes, abnormalexternal ear, wide depressed nasal bridge, bulbous nasal tip,antevertednares, long philtrum, thin lips and downturned corners ofmouth. The hands and feet were short, hypocalcemia,hyperphosphatemia, low levels of phosphorus     c.155-166del

Table 2: Comparitive review of genetic and clinical data of Sanjad Sakati Syndrome

This syndrome has to be differentiated from Kenny-Caffey Syndrome which often shows cortical thickening of long bones with medullary stenosis, macrocephaly or normocephaly, normal mentality and immune deficiency. Kenny-Caffey Syndrome type 1 may show the same mutation in the tubulin specific chaperone-E gene [7] (Figure 1).

otolaryngology-online-journal-Kenny-Caffey-syndrome

Figure 1: Kenny-Caffey syndrome type 1

Patients’ hypocalcaemia is usually treated with calcium and alpha calcidiol as we treated our patients. However they tend to continue having poor growth. Attempts to use growth hormone in some of the cases proved unsuccessful [8]. Most patients tend to die early with recurrent infections, but rare cases have survived up to the age of 18 years [9] (Figure 2).

otolaryngology-online-journal-Patient-Poor-growth

Figure 2: Patient Poor growth after treated with calcium and Alpha calcidiol

Conclusion

SSS is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that is not uncommon in the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula. Most of the ENT manifestations are grossly present and children report due to various manifestation of poor immunity with chronically discharging ear, frequent rhinorrhea and upper respiratory infections. This case report details various facial and other clinical presentations involving SSS. Prevention of this syndrome may be achieved in the future through pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and carrier detection.

References

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