Hematology and Blood Disorders

All submissions of the EM system will be redirected to Online Manuscript Submission System. Authors are requested to submit articles directly to Online Manuscript Submission System of respective journal.
Reach Us +1 (202) 780-3397

Opinion Article - Hematology and Blood Disorders (2023) Volume 6, Issue 4

Multiple myeloma: A comprehensive overview

Brooke Hunter *

Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom

*Corresponding Author:
Brooke Hunter
Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
E-mail: hunterb@ox.ac.uk

Received: 28-Feb-2024, Manuscript No. AAHBD-24-136387; Editor assigned: 01-Mar-2024, PreQC No AAHBD-24-136387 (PQ) Reviewed:14-Mar-2024, QC No. AAHBD-24-136387Revised:20-Mar-2024, Manuscript No. AAHBD-24-136387 (R); Published:27-Mar-2024, DOI:10.35841/aahbd-6.4.157

Citation: Hunter B. Multiple myeloma: A comprehensive overview. Hematol Blood Disord. 2024;6(4):157

Visit for more related articles at Hematology and Blood Disorders

Introduction

Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that originates in the plasma cells, a form of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. Plasma cells are crucial for the immune system as they produce antibodies to fight infections. In multiple myeloma, these cells proliferate uncontrollably, leading to an overproduction of abnormal antibodies, which can cause numerous health issues [1].

These malignant cells also crowd out healthy blood cells, leading to bone damage, anemia, kidney dysfunction, and increased susceptibility to infections. This article explores the pathophysiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for multiple myeloma [2].

Multiple myeloma begins in the bone marrow, where abnormal plasma cells multiply rapidly. These cells produce a monoclonal protein (M protein) or paraprotein, which can cause organ damage. The accumulation of myeloma cells in the bone marrow impairs normal blood cell production, resulting in anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Additionally, myeloma cells secrete substances that stimulate osteoclast activity, leading to bone resorption and lesions [3].

The exact cause of multiple myeloma is unknown, but several risk factors have been identified: Age: Most common in individuals over 60. Gender: Males are slightly more likely to develop multiple myeloma than females. Race: Higher incidence in African Americans compared to Caucasians [4].

Family History: A family history of multiple myeloma or other plasma cell disorders increases risk. Exposure to Radiation and Chemicals: Occupational exposure to certain chemicals and radiation can increase risk [5].

Multiple myeloma can present with a variety of symptoms, which may include: Bone Pain: Particularly in the back or ribs, due to bone lesions or fractures. Frequent Infections: Due to weakened immune function. Fatigue and Weakness: Resulting from anemia. Kidney Dysfunction: Caused by high levels of M protein or calcium [6].

The diagnosis of multiple myeloma involves several tests, including: Blood Tests: To detect abnormal proteins, calcium levels, kidney function, and blood cell counts. Urine Tests: To check for Bence Jones protein. Bone Marrow Biopsy: To identify myeloma cells in the bone marrow. Imaging Tests: Such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to detect bone lesions [7].

Treatment for multiple myeloma depends on the stage and severity of the disease and may include: Chemotherapy: To kill myeloma cells and control the disease. Targeted Therapy: Drugs like bortezomib, carfilzomib, and lenalidomide that specifically target myeloma cells [8].

Immunotherapy: Agents that enhance the immune system's ability to fight myeloma, such as daratumumab. Stem Cell Transplant: Autologous stem cell transplant to replace damaged bone marrow with healthy cells [9].

Radiation Therapy: To relieve bone pain and control localized disease. Supportive Treatments: Medications to manage symptoms and side effects, such as bisphosphonates for bone health, erythropoietin for anemia, and antibiotics for infections [10].

Conclusion

Multiple myeloma is a complex and challenging disease with significant impact on patients' health and quality of life. Advances in medical research have led to better understanding and improved treatment options, offering hope for more effective management and improved survival rates. Early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies are crucial for optimizing outcomes for individuals with multiple myeloma.

References

  1. Carpten JD, Stern MC. Opportunities, Challenges, and Priorities for Achieving Equity in Cancer Outcomes. Cancer Health Disparities: From Determinants of Disparities to Solutions for Equity. 2023:183-202.

    2. Google Scholar

  2. National Cancer Institute (US). Office of Cancer Communications. National Cancer Institute, Office of Cancer Communications; 1985.

    3. Google Scholar

  3. Kumar S, editor. Multiple myeloma. Demos Medical Publishing; 2010.

    4. Google Scholar

  4. Roberts J. Marrow Me: One Man's Entrance into the Merry World of Multiple Myeloma. Bitingduck Press LLC; 2019.

    5. Indexed at, Google Scholar

  5. Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: 2020 update on diagnosis, risk?stratification and management. American J of hematol. 2020;95(5):548-67.

    6. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  6. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Multiple myeloma.

    7. Indexed at, Google Scholar

  7. Azanza JR,. Recommendations on the use of azole antifungals in hematology-oncology patients. Revista Española de Quimioterapia. 2023;36(3):236.

    8. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  8. Genadieva-Stavric S, Cavallo F, Palumbo A. New approaches to management of multiple myeloma. Current treatment options in oncology. 2014;15:157-70.

    9. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  9. Dispenzieri A, Kyle RA. Multiple myeloma: clinical features and indications for therapy. Best practice & research Clinical haematology. 2005;18(4):553-68.

    10. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  10. Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2009;23(1):3-9.

    11. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Get the App