Journal of Cell Biology and Metabolism

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Short Communication - Journal of Cell Biology and Metabolism (2023) Volume 5, Issue 3

Molecular insights into cellular metabolism in ageing and age-related disorders.

Xi Rong*

Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA

*Corresponding Author:
Xi Rong
Department of Cell Biology
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, USA
E-mail:rong_xi@gmail.com

Received:15-May-2023,Manuscript No. AACBM-23-101813; Editor assigned: 17-May-2023, PreQC No. AACBM-23-101813(PQ); Reviewed:01-Jun-2023, QC No. AACBM-23-101813; Revised:05-Jun-2023, Manuscript No. AACBM-23-101813(R); Published:12-Jun-2023, DOI: 10.35841/aacbm- 5.3.146

Citation: Rong X. Molecular insights into cellular metabolism in ageing and age-related disorders. J Cell Biol Metab. 2023; 5(3):146

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Abstract

  

Introduction

Aging is a complex biological process characterized by the progressive decline in physiological functions and an increased susceptibility to age-related diseases. Recent research has revealed that cellular metabolism plays a critical role in the aging process and the development of age-related diseases. In this article, we provide insights from molecular studies that shed light on the intricate relationship between cellular metabolism, aging, and age-related diseases. We discuss key metabolic pathways, such as mitochondrial function, nutrient sensing, and cellular senescence, and explore how their dysregulation contributes to the aging phenotype and the pathogenesis of age-related diseases. Additionally, we highlight potential therapeutic strategies targeting cellular metabolism for promoting healthy aging and mitigating age-related diseases[1].

Aging is a universal phenomenon characterized by a gradual decline in physiological functions, increased susceptibility to disease, and reduced regenerative capacity. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying aging has witnessed remarkable progress in recent years. Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in cellular metabolism contribute significantly to the aging process and the development of age-related diseases. This article aims to explore the insights gained from molecular studies on the role of cellular metabolism in aging and age-related diseases[2].

 

Mitochondrial function and aging

Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell, play a central role in cellular metabolism and energy production. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of aging. Declining mitochondrial function leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and compromised ATP production, resulting in cellular damage and impaired tissue homeostasis. Molecular studies have revealed that various factors, including mitochondrial DNA mutations, impaired mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, and altered mitochondrial dynamics, contribute to age-related mitochondrial dysfunction. Understanding these molecular mechanisms provides valuable insights into therapeutic interventions targeting mitochondrial function for healthy aging[3].

 

Nutrient sensing and aging

The nutrient-sensing pathways, such as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, play crucial roles in cellular metabolism and aging. Molecular studies have demonstrated that dysregulation of nutrient-sensing pathways contributes to the aging process and age-related diseases. Excessive mTOR activation, resulting from nutrient abundance, promotes cellular senescence and age-related pathologies. Conversely, AMPK activation, induced by nutrient deprivation or energy stress, promotes cellular homeostasis and extends lifespan. Unraveling the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying nutrient sensing provides opportunities for modulating cellular metabolism to promote healthy aging

 

Cellular senescence and metabolic reprogramming

Cellular senescence, a state of irreversible growth arrest, is closely associated with aging and age-related diseases. Recent molecular studies have revealed that cellular senescence is accompanied by profound metabolic alterations. Senescent cells exhibit a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), characterized by the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and proteases. The metabolic reprogramming in senescent cells involves alterations in glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function, and lipid metabolism. Understanding the molecular mechanisms linking cellular senescence and metabolic reprogramming provides insights into the development of therapies targeting senescent cells for healthy aging[4].

 

Therapeutic strategies targeting cellular metabolism for healthy aging

Given the critical role of cellular metabolism in aging and age-related diseases, therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic pathways hold great promise for promoting healthy aging and mitigating age-related diseases. Molecular studies have identified potential interventions, including caloric restriction, pharmacological modulators of nutrient-sensing pathways, and senolytic agents targeting senescent cells. These interventions aim to restore metabolic homeostasis, enhance mitochondrial function, and alleviate cellular senescence, thereby promoting healthy aging and delaying age-related pathologies

 

Challenges and future perspectives

While significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular links between cellular metabolism, aging, and age-related diseases, several challenges remain. Firstly, there is a need for a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between different metabolic pathways and how they collectively contribute to the aging process. Additionally, the identification of reliable biomarkers of cellular metabolism that can serve as early indicators of age-related diseases is essential for preventive and therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, the development of safe and effective interventions targeting cellular metabolism necessitates rigorous preclinical and clinical studies to assess their efficacy and potential side effects. Looking ahead, future research should focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular metabolism during the aging process and the development of age-related diseases. This includes exploring the role of epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, in modulating metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the integration of multi-omics approaches, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, will provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular landscape of cellular metabolism in aging[5].

Conclusion

Cellular metabolism is intricately linked to the aging process and the development of age-related diseases. Molecular studies have provided valuable insights into the dysregulation of key metabolic pathways, including mitochondrial function, nutrient sensing, and cellular senescence, in aging and age-related diseases. Understanding these molecular mechanisms offers opportunities for developing therapeutic strategies that target cellular metabolism to promote healthy aging and mitigate age-related pathologies. Further research is needed to unravel the complex interplay between different metabolic pathways and identify novel interventions that can enhance healthy aging and improve the quality of life in the elderly population. The insights gained from molecular studies on cellular metabolism in aging and age-related diseases have advanced our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and hold significant promise for developing novel therapeutic approaches. By targeting cellular metabolism, we can strive towards promoting healthy aging, preventing age-related diseases, and enhancing the well-being of the elderly population

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