Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology

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Perspective - Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology (2023) Volume 7, Issue 1

Modern strategies for genome engineering

Panagiotis Adamopoulos*

Department of Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Corresponding Author:
Panagiotis Adamopoulos
Department of Molecular Biology
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Athens, Greece
E-mail: padamopoulos@biol.uoa.gr

Received: 03-Jan-2023, Manuscript No. AAGMB-23-85409; Editor assigned: 04-Jan-2023, PreQC No. AAGMB-23-85409(PQ); Reviewed: 15-Jan-2023, QC No. AAGMB-23-85409; Revised: 21-Jan-2023, Manuscript No. AAGMB-23-85409(R); Published: 29-Jan-2023, DOI:10.35841/aagmb-7.1.134

Citation: Adamopoulos P. Modern strategies for genome engineering. J Genet Mol Biol. 2023;7(1):134

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The invention of a brand new promising genome-enhancing tool: the genetic scissors of CRISPR-Cas9. The creation of the prevailing era caused the flourishing of molecular biology and biotechnology, and a post-genomic generation started. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 machine, the DNA of eukaryotic organisms in addition to microorganisms may be changed in a high-precision way and efficiency, bearing in mind greater thorough genetic and epigenetic studies. The discovery of an array of unique repeat sequences in 1987 with the aid of using at some stage in the examine of the Escherichia coli (E. coli) genome, and the following identity of cas genes some years later, turned into step one for the improvement of genomeengineering methods for the manipulation of nucleic acids. This array of unique repeat sequences, named Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), at the side of CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins, constitute an adaptive immune surveillance system huge throughout archaea in addition to bacteria [1].

This system reasons interference in opposition to overseas nucleic acids derived from infectious organisms, which include phage viruses, and hence, being answerable for the safety of its holder. A standard CRISPR locus includes 21– forty seven bp DNA repeat sequences and non-repetitive nucleotides of comparable size, generally 26–seventy two bp, known as protospacers. Protospacers are DNA sequences originating from invading pathogens and, accordingly, constitute a group of genetic statistics saved in immunological memory. In the genomic DNA collection of interest, every protospacer is associated with a particular collection known as protospacer adjoining motif (PAM), which could range in every CRISPR machine this is harnessed. Genomic evaluation of prokaryotic organisms with more than one CRISPR loci unveiled any other structural feature positioned subsequent to those quick repeats, containing genes that encode various nucleases known as Cas proteins, which can be answerable for the scission of extrinsic DNA [2].

The conserved area among the CRISPR locus and the cas genes is known as chief and has an approximate duration of 60 bp.The system of CRISPR–Cas structures may be discriminated in 3 sequential steps: version, expression and maturation, and interference. In the version step, Cas proteins apprehend the invader DNA and segmentate it, preserving a quick DNA collection so as to feature as a brand new protospacer after its integration into the CRISPR array. Two proteins, Cas1 and Cas2, which exist in maximum CRISPR Cas structures, allow the incorporation of the spacers to the CRISPR cassettes. The integration of every protospacer will outline the immunological memory. In the step of expression and maturation, the transcription of the CRISPR array takes place. As a result, a precursor RNA transcript is generated and is eventually divided into small RNA units, known as CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs). This system is mediated with the aid of using an RNA endonuclease complicated or with the aid of using an opportunity mechanism this is especially primarily based totally at the bacterial RNase III [3].

Each crRNA is characterised with the aid of using a unmarried protospacer. Afterwards, the newly synthesized crRNAs engage with one or greater Cas proteins and the energetic Cas–crRNAs complexes are generated. Finally, withinside the interference step, the energetic Cas–crRNAs complicated investigates the mobileular for extrinsic nucleic acids, primarily based totally at the complementarity of the latter with the crRNAs. In the case of overseas DNA recognition, Cas–crRNAs complicated cleaves the goal DNA, protective the mobileular from its attacker. Although the manipulation of genomes has been hired with the aid of using the usage of preceding genome-engineering methods, like zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) methodologies, the emergence of CRISPR-Cas technology modified the manner researchers examine gene law and enabled researchers to regulate gene expression in various levels, accordingly decoding the hidden factors in their functions. In this work, we describe the modern CRISPR-Cas methods used for genome engineering and speak their programs in molecular biology, each in studies and medical practice. Furthermore, an intensive description of extra genome-engineering strategies, consisting of ZFN and TALEN methods, is likewise mentioned permitting an intensive assessment among formerly brought genomeenhancing technology and the modern CRISPR-Cas methodology [4].

Two classes (class I&II) of CRISPR-Cas structures have already been characterised throughout bacterial and archaeal cells, which can be differentiated in keeping with the characteristic and shape of Cas effectors that participate withinside the procedure. In particular, the structures of Class I are characterised through a couple of complexes which can be shaped through the complicity of diverse Cas effectors, while class II structures make the most a unmarried effector Cas protein. Class I and II structures may be in addition subdivided into six types (types I–VI). Class I structures consist of kinds I, III, and IV, while class II structures contain the 3 remaining types (II, V, and VI) [5].

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