Journal of Food Nutrition and Health

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Rapid Communication - Journal of Food Nutrition and Health (2022) Volume 6, Issue 5

Metabolic pathways of painful diabetic neuropathy and potential therapeutic agents

Eugene Barrett*

Department of food science and nutrition, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.

*Corresponding Author:
Eugene Barrett
Department of food science and nutrition
National Research Center
Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail: Eugene barret@yahoo.com

Received:27-Sep-2023, Manuscript No. AAJFNH-23-114688; Editor assigned: 30-Sep-2023,PreQC No. AAJFNH-23-114688 (PQ); Reviewed:16-Oct-2023,QC No. AARRI-23-114688; Revised:21-Oct-2023, Manuscript No. AAJFNH-23-114688(R); Published:28-Oct-2023,DOI:10.35841/aarrgs-6.4.168

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Citation: Barrett E. Metabolic pathways of painful diabetic neuropathy and potential therapeutic agents. J Food Nutr Health. 2023; 6(4):168

Introduction

Painful Diabetic Neuropathy (PDN) is a debilitating and often excruciating complication of diabetes mellitus that affects millions of individuals worldwide. PDN is characterized by nerve damage resulting from prolonged exposure to high blood sugar levels, leading to a range of distressing symptoms such as burning pain, tingling sensations, and numbness. Understanding the metabolic pathways involved in the development of PDN is crucial for the development of effective therapeutic agents to alleviate the suffering of those affected. In this article, we explore the metabolic pathways implicated in PDN and discuss potential therapeutic agents that offer hope for improved management and relief for individuals with this condition.[1].

One of the key mechanisms contributing to the development of PDN is hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. High blood sugar levels lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative damage to nerve cells. This oxidative stress disrupts mitochondrial function, impairs nerve cell repair mechanisms, and leads to cellular dysfunction. Antioxidants such as alpha-lipoic acid have shown promise in reducing oxidative stress and providing relief to individuals with PDN. Hyperglycemia also results in the formation of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs), which accumulate in nerve tissues. AGEs interact with their receptors (RAGE) on nerve cells, initiating a cascade of inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. This chronic inflammation contributes to nerve damage and the pain experienced in PDN. Therapies targeting AGEs and RAGE, such as inhibitors or antibodies, are under investigation for their potential to alleviate PDN symptoms [2].

The polyol pathway is another metabolic pathway implicated in the pathogenesis of PDN. High glucose levels activate this pathway, leading to the conversion of glucose to sorbitol, which subsequently depletes nerve cells of essential cofactors and causes cellular dysfunction. Aldose reductase inhibitors, such as epalrestat, are designed to block this pathway and have demonstrated some efficacy in reducing PDN symptoms. Chronic inflammation plays a significant role in the progression of PDN. Activated immune cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines that damage nerve cells and exacerbate pain. Modulating inflammation through non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or immunomodulatory agents has shown potential in reducing pain associated with PDN. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of PDN and contributes to impaired energy production in nerve cells. Agents that target mitochondrial health, such as coenzyme Q10, have been investigated for their ability to improve nerve cell function and alleviate pain [3].

Alpha-lipoic acid is a powerful antioxidant that has shown promise in reducing oxidative stress and improving nerve function in PDN patients. It scavenges free radicals, regenerates other antioxidants, and may help improve blood flow to nerve cells. ALA is available as an over-the-counter supplement and has been used as a complementary therapy for PDN. Pregabalin and gabapentin are medications that belong to the class of anticonvulsants. They are commonly prescribed to manage neuropathic pain, including PDN. These drugs modulate calcium channels in nerve cells, reducing pain signals and providing relief to patients [4].

ARI, such as epalrestat, are designed to block the polyol pathway, preventing the conversion of glucose to sorbitol. By inhibiting this pathway, ARI can potentially reduce nerve damage and alleviate PDN symptoms. However, their use may be limited due to side effects and variable efficacy. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and immunomodulatory agents may be prescribed to reduce neuroinflammation and pain in PDN. However, the use of NSAIDs should be monitored closely due to potential side effects and interactions with other medications. In severe cases of PDN, opioid analgesics may be prescribed to manage pain. However, their use is typically reserved for when other treatments have failed, due to the risk of dependence and side effects. Several promising therapeutic agents are currently under investigation for PDN treatment. These include inhibitors of AGEs and RAGE, novel antioxidant compounds, and gene therapies aimed at restoring nerve cell function. These emerging treatments hold the potential to provide more targeted and effective relief for PDN patients [5].

Conclusion

Painful Diabetic Neuropathy is a distressing complication of diabetes mellitus that significantly impacts the quality of life for those affected. Understanding the metabolic pathways involved in the development of PDN is crucial for the development of effective therapeutic agents. While current treatments focus on alleviating symptoms, emerging therapies targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction offer hope for improved management and relief for individuals with PDN. It is essential for healthcare providers and researchers to continue exploring these pathways and developing innovative treatments to enhance the lives of PDN patients.

 

References

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  2. Magrinelli F. The association between serum cytokines and damage to large and small nerve fibers in diabetic peripheral neuropathy Journal of diabetes research. 2015;7.

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