Research and Reports in Pulmonology

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Perspective - Research and Reports in Pulmonology (2022) Volume 3, Issue 6

Jeopardy of Lung Cancer in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Alex Kimani Wambua*

Ministry of Health, Disease Surveillance and Response Unit, University of Nairobi, Kenya

Corresponding Author:
Alex Kimani Wambua
Ministry of Health, Disease
Surveillance and Response Unit
University of Nairobi, Kenya
E-mail: kimani.aw@uonbi.ac.ke

Received: 11-Nov-2022, Manuscript No. AARRP-22-82389; Editor assigned: 14-Nov-2022, PreQC No. AARRP-22-82389(PQ); Reviewed: 28-Nov-2022, QC No. AARRP-22-82389; Revised: 02-Dec-2022, Manuscript No. AARRP-22-82389(R); Published: 09-Dec-2022, DOI:10.35841/aarrp-3.6.127

Citation: Wambua AK. Jeopardy of lung cancer in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Res Rep Pulomonol. 2022;3(6):127

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Abstract

The global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is growing, and these people are at high risk of developing lung cancer. The use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) in COPD patients may assist to reduce the incidence of lung cancer. This systematic review and meta-analysis were planned to assess the role of ICS in the risk of lung cancer among COPD patients. The use of ICS in COPD patients reduced the risk of lung cancer by 31%.

Keywords

Lung cancer, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Patients.

Introduction

The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is increasing globally, although the distribution is unequal. Between 1990 and 2015, the prevalence of COPD increased by 44%, with 174.5 million people suffering from the disease. In 2015, 3.2 million individuals died worldwide, an increase of 11.6% from 1990 [1]. Mortality has been a significant outcome in COPD, and it has become one of the world's leading causes of mortality. The causes of death in COPD vary depending on the population; in a randomised clinical study of smoking cessation and inhaled bronchodilator therapy, cancer was found to be the most common cause of death (33%). However, respiratory illness was the primary cause of death in a pooled analysis of seven randomised clinical trials among individuals with stable COPD [2].

It is typical to find a continuous positive relationship between COPD and lung cancer. Patients with pre-existing COPD had a 2- to 4-fold greater annual incidence of lung cancer. The pooled prevalence of lung cancer in COPD patients was 2.79% in 21 studies completed between 1997 and 2018, and people with COPD are 6.35 times more likely to acquire lung cancer than controls. Smoking has been linked to an increased incidence of lung cancer in COPD patients [3] and has been proposed as the cause.

Recent research indicates that the risk of lung cancer remains elevated even in the absence of smoking. COPD was found to be a substantial independent risk factor for lung cancer incidence among never smokers in a large Korean national cohort research, demonstrating that these patients are at high risk of lung cancer regardless of smoking status [4]. The pathophysiology of COPD is influenced by airway remodelling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and, to a lesser extent, infections, which predispose to airway inflammation and epithelial activation and worsen oxidative injury [5]. By modifying the cellular architecture of the airway, epithelial-mesenchymal transition plays a crucial role in disease progression, cancer development, and tumour dissemination, which increases cancer-related mortality.

Conclusion

The dose of ICS is a key determinant in COPD patients' survival or risk of additional comorbidities. Second, the presence of COPD in the included studies is noteworthy. Asthma may have been a significant confounding factor in some observational studies of ICS effectiveness. Some of the individuals recruited for the follow-up may have asthma, while others may have asthma-COPD overlap. Asthmatic patients are more likely to take ICS and are less likely to acquire lung cancer. Asthmatic residual confounding cannot be ruled out. Other potential risk factors for lung cancer, such as interstitial lung disease, were not examined or adjusted in the majority of the original literature; the presence of such comorbidities is likely to influence lung cancer development. ICS usage in COPD patients decreased the risk of lung cancer. The risk reduction was not affected by smoking status or latency duration. Future research should concentrate on determining the optimal dose and controlling for confounders such as asthma.

References

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