Journal of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

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Rapid Communication - Journal of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (2022) Volume 4, Issue 5

Infant Metabolic Abnormalities: Pathophysiology and Analytical Evaluation

Aadhya Marvin*

Department of Paediatrics

*Corresponding Author:
Aadhya Marvin
Department of Paediatrics
Dayton Children's Hospital
USA
E-mail:aadhya@marvin.edu

Received:28-Aug-2022, Manuscript No. AACPLM -22-77663; Editor assigned: 31-Aug-2022, PreQC No. AACPLM-22-77663 (PQ); Reviewed:14-Sep-2022, QC No. AACPLM -22-77663; Revised:20-Sep-2022, Manuscript No. AACPLM-22-77663 (R); Published:27-Sep-2022, DOI:10.35841/ aacplm-4.5.123

Citation: Marvin A. Infant metabolic abnormalities: Pathophysiology and analytical evaluation. J Clin Path Lab Med. 2022;4(5):123

Abstract

The metabolic syndrome is now seen in kids and teenagers, nevertheless, as a result of the rise in obesity and overweight. This interconnected web of risk factors is the outcome of the abnormal interaction between a numbers of organs, including adipose tissue, muscle, liver, and gut, with insulin resistance as a common precursor. It has been interesting to look at novel metabolic syndrome biomarkers that can identify these metabolic abnormalities early in the juvenile population with high specificity and sensitivity. To prevent this generation from being the first in which children have a shorter life expectancy than their parents, it is essential to comprehend this complex cluster of risk factors in the younger patients.

Keywords

Cardiovascular disease, Metabolic syndrome, Obesity in infants, Insulin resistance.

Introduction

The World Health Organization (WHO) Health Assembly's endorsement of the Comprehensive Implementation Plan on Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition, including no increase in childhood overweight, is evidence that paediatric obesity has become a global public health burden. The main risk factor for cardiovascular disease is obesity, which is frequently associated with other pathological conditions such hypertensive, dyslipidaemia, and insulin sensitivity. Not just in adults, but more recently in children, these cardiovascular risk factors tend to settle. Although clinical definitions of metabolic syndrome have been widely varying, well almost all of them call for a partial combination of the following five factors: increased blood pressure, elevated fasting plasma glucose, reduced High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated Triglycerides (TGs), and increased waist circumference. Although metabolic syndrome was formerly believed to be an adult-onset disease, it is now a public health concern in the paediatric age group due to the increasing recurrence of this cluster of metabolic diseases in children and adolescents. Early detection of metabolic syndrome is crucial to preventing additional health issues in adulthood and reducing the CVD and T2D socioeconomic burden globally.

The complicated group in pathophysiology

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), insulin resistance is thought to be the common antecedent in the relationship and clusters of Type-2 diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, and Cardiovascular. Reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin-mediated cellular activities is known as insulin resistance. Although hyperglycaemia, the main consequence of insulin resistance, can cause significant morbidity in people with T2D, CVD-primarily because of lipid abnormalities is the predominant cause of death in this population [1].

The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes study's findings, which showed that strict glucose control did not reduce mortality, provides strong evidence for this phenomenon. Adipose tissue, muscle, the liver, and the intestine are just a few of the organ systems that are affected peripherally by insulin. Therefore, metabolic failure occurs across a number of organs in insulin resistance conditions, resulting in the observed interaction of many concurrent metabolic disorders [2].

Laboratory evaluation of children's insulin resistance

Since there are significant variations in blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and body size and proportion with age and development, an adult definition of metabolic syndrome cannot simply be transferred for usage in the paediatric population. Insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and fat distribution are all impacted by puberty. Thus, using any set of standards to "define" the metabolic syndrome actually simplifies the complicated reality of this collection of elements. Each Metabolic syndrome component is a continuous variable that evolves over time. Instead of creating a contradiction between healthy and unhealthy states, this leads to continuity between a metabolic profile that is healthy and one which is unhealthy[3].

To guarantee uniformity in medical practice and in research for clinical trials, an agreed definition of children metabolic syndrome is crucial as a diagnostic and monitoring tool. Children between 6 to 10 years old should not have metabolic syndrome diagnosed, but those who have abdominal obesity should be forcefully encouraged to lose weight [4].

When a child is 10 to16 years-old and has abdominal obesity along with two or more other clinical symptoms, such as raised triglycerides, decreased High density lipoprotein, elevated blood pressure, or elevated fasting plasma glucose, metabolic syndrome should be suspected[5].

Conclusion

Both adults and children have the metabolic syndrome, a grouping of cardiovascular disease risk factors. Excess adipose tissue and associated insulin resistance are the main causes of metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance can be found in the muscle, liver, and gut among other organs, and as a result it is linked to a number of systemic issues like hypertension, cholesterol, and poor glucose tolerance. The development of atherosclerosis and the ensuing problems from cardiovascular events are caused by the interaction of metabolic dysfunction in several organ systems. The difficulty of summarising a diverse population and a diverse disease has made it challenging to define metabolic syndrome in the younger patients.

References

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