Journal of Gastroenterology and Digestive Diseases

All submissions of the EM system will be redirected to Online Manuscript Submission System. Authors are requested to submit articles directly to Online Manuscript Submission System of respective journal.

Mini Review - Journal of Gastroenterology and Digestive Diseases (2024) Volume 9, Issue 4

Gut Microbiota Diversity and Its Correlation with Obesity Phenotypes

Dana Lange *

Department of Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

*Corresponding Author:
Dana Lange
Department of Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
E-mail: ldana@cut.se.in

Received: 28-Jun-2024, Manuscript No. JGDD-24-142704; Editor assigned: 29-Jun-2024, PreQC No. JGDD-24-142704 (PQ); Reviewed: 13-Jul-2024, QC No. JGDD-24-142704; Revised: 18-Jul-2024, Manuscript No. JGDD-24-142704(R); Published: 25-Jul-2024, DOI: 10.35841/jgdd-9.4.219

Citation: : Lange D. Gut Microbiota Diversity and Its Correlation with Obesity Phenotypes. J Gastroenterol Dig Dis.2024;9(4):219

Visit for more related articles at Journal of Gastroenterology and Digestive Diseases

Introduction

Gut microbiota, the community of microorganisms living in the human digestive tract, plays a critical role in maintaining health and influencing disease. One area of intense research is the correlation between gut microbiota diversity and obesity phenotypes. Obesity, a condition characterized by excessive body fat, has multifactorial origins, including genetics, diet, lifestyle, and increasingly, gut microbiota composition. Understanding how these microbial populations differ between individuals with varying obesity phenotypes could unlock new pathways for treatment and prevention [1].

The human gut is home to trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea. Among these, bacteria are the most studied, with two major phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, predominating. The balance between these phyla, as well as the overall diversity of the gut microbiota, has been implicated in metabolic health. A healthy gut microbiota is typically diverse, with a wide range of bacterial species performing various functions essential for digestion, immune modulation, and protection against pathogens [2].

Obesity phenotypes, such as visceral obesity (accumulation of fat around the internal organs) and subcutaneous obesity (fat accumulation under the skin), exhibit distinct metabolic profiles and health risks. Research indicates that these phenotypes are also associated with different gut microbiota compositions. For example, individuals with visceral obesity often have a higher ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes compared to lean individuals. This imbalance is thought to contribute to an increased capacity for energy harvest from the diet, leading to greater fat storage [3].

Moreover, the diversity of the gut microbiota is typically reduced in obese individuals compared to their lean counterparts. This reduced diversity is associated with metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, and insulin resistance, all of which are characteristic of obesity and its related complications, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A less diverse gut microbiota may be less resilient and more susceptible to perturbations, such as dietary changes or antibiotic use, which can further exacerbate metabolic issues [4].

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how gut microbiota composition influences obesity. One key mechanism involves the fermentation of dietary fibers into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate. These SCFAs serve as an energy source for the host and play a role in regulating appetite and fat storage. Differences in the gut microbiota can lead to variations in SCFA production, influencing energy balance and fat accumulation [5].

Another mechanism is the modulation of gut permeability and inflammation. Certain gut bacteria can strengthen the gut barrier, preventing the translocation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the gut lumen into the bloodstream. High levels of LPS can trigger systemic inflammation, a condition known as metabolic endotoxemia, which is associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Obese individuals often have a gut microbiota composition that is less effective at maintaining gut barrier integrity, leading to higher LPS levels and inflammation [6, 7].

Diet is a major factor influencing gut microbiota composition and diversity. High-fat, high-sugar diets, common in Western societies, can reduce gut microbiota diversity and promote the growth of bacteria associated with obesity. Conversely, diets rich in fiber, fruits, and vegetables are associated with greater microbial diversity and a lower risk of obesity. Probiotics and prebiotics, which support the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, have shown promise in modulating gut microbiota composition and improving metabolic health, although more research is needed to fully understand their effects [8].

Genetics also play a role in shaping the gut microbiota and its relationship with obesity. Studies involving twins have shown that genetic factors can influence gut microbiota composition, with heritable traits accounting for a significant portion of the variation observed between individuals. However, environmental factors, including diet and antibiotic use, also have a substantial impact [9].

The relationship between gut microbiota diversity and obesity phenotypes is complex and bidirectional. While changes in gut microbiota can influence metabolic health and contribute to obesity, obesity itself can alter gut microbiota composition. Weight loss, whether through diet, exercise, or bariatric surgery, has been shown to increase gut microbiota diversity and shift its composition towards a profile associated with better metabolic health. These changes may contribute to the improvements in insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and overall health observed after weight loss [10].

Conclusion

Gut microbiota diversity is closely linked to obesity phenotypes, influencing and being influenced by metabolic health. A diverse and balanced gut microbiota is associated with a lower risk of obesity and its related complications, while a less diverse microbiota is linked to metabolic dysregulation and increased fat storage. Understanding the intricate relationships between diet, genetics, gut microbiota, and obesity could lead to new strategies for preventing and treating obesity, improving metabolic health, and enhancing overall well-being. Further research is needed to unravel the specific microbial pathways involved and to develop targeted interventions that can modulate gut microbiota composition in beneficial ways.

References

  1. De La Cuesta-Zuluaga J, Corrales-Agudelo V, Carmona JA, et al. Body size phenotypes comprehensively assess cardiometabolic risk and refine the association between obesity and gut microbiota. Int J Obes (Lond). 2018r;42(3):424-32.

    2. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  2. Liu D, Wen B, Zhu K, et al. Antibiotics-induced perturbations in gut microbial diversity influence metabolic phenotypes in a murine model of high-fat diet-induced obesity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019;103:5269-83.

    3. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  3. Olivares PD, Pacheco AB, Aranha LN, et al. Gut microbiota of adults with different metabolic phenotypes. Nutrition. 2021;90:111293.

    4. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  4. Zhao L. The gut microbiota and obesity: from correlation to causality. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11(9):639-47.

    5. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  5. Shen J, Obin MS, Zhao L. The gut microbiota, obesity and insulin resistance. Mol. Asp. Med. 2013;34(1):39-58.

    6. Google Scholar

  6. Moran-Ramos S, López-Contreras BE, Canizales-Quinteros S. Gut microbiota in obesity and metabolic abnormalities: a matter of composition or functionality?. Arch Med Res. 2017;48(8):735-53.

    7. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  7. Crovesy L, Masterson D, Rosado EL. Profile of the gut microbiota of adults with obesity: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020;74(9):1251-62.

    8. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  8. Lin TY, Wu PH, Lin YT, et al. Characterization of gut microbiota composition in hemodialysis patients with normal weight obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(6):2006-14.

    9. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  9. Lee CJ, Sears CL, Maruthur N. Gut microbiome and its role in obesity and insulin resistance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2020;1461(1):37-52.

    10. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  10. Shabana, Shahid SU, Irfan U. The gut microbiota and its potential role in obesity. Future Microbiol. 2018;13(5):589-603.

    11. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Get the App