+44-1518-081136Research Article - Journal of Cell Science and Mutations (2019) Volume 3, Issue 1
Genotoxicity of Noscapine Nanosuspension on DU145 Human Prostate Cancer (Spheroid Cell Model)
Setare Kakavand Malayer1, Hedieh Ghourchian1, Maryam Azarian1,2*
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2Departament De Bioquímica I De Biologia Molecular, Institut De Biotecnologia I Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autónoma De Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Corresponding Author:
- Maryam Azarian
Department of Biology
Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona
Spain
Tel: (+34) 622102123
E-mail:maryam.azarian@e-campus.uab.cat
Accepted Date:February 21 2019
Citation: Malayer SK, Ghourchian H, Azarian M. Genotoxicity of noscapine nanosuspension on DU145 human prostate cancer (spheroid cell model). Adv Cell Sci Mut. 2019;2(1):1-7
Abstract
In Iranian folk medicine, the cytotoxic effects of some members of the papaveraceae family have been reported. Recent reports have shown that the fraction of opium alkaloids may be responsible for its cytotoxic effect, but this mechanism is not fully understood. This study was designed to investigate the selective cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on DU145 cancer cell lines of noscapine one non-addictable opium alkaloids.
Keywords
Vaccine, Cold chain, Data logger, DPT-HB.
Introduction and Background
Vaccines are temperature-sensitive biological products that stimulate the immune system of the recipient, whether human or animal, to immunize against pathogens, toxins, or biomolecules, which can reduce or prevent disease. The system used for storing vaccines in good condition is called the cold chain. The objective of the vaccine cold chain is to maintain product quality from the time of manufacture until the point of administration by ensuring that vaccines are stored and transported within World Health Organization-WHO recommended temperature ranges [1]. To maintain efficacy, vaccines must be protected from temperature extremes. Vaccine quality is maintained using a cold chain that meets specific temperature requirements. At the health facility level, WHO recommend that health workers can adequately protect vaccines by keep vaccines in appropriate vaccine refrigeration equipment, use a temperature monitoring device to ensure temperatures remain between +2°C and +8°C, transport vaccines to immunization sessions in a vaccine carrier, correctly packed, using coolant packs that have been properly prepared, and during immunization sessions, fit a foam pad (if available) at the top of the vaccine carrier.
Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis (whooping cough) and Hepatitis B vaccine, DPT- HB vaccine confers immunity to diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and hepatitis B. DTP vaccine conveys immunity to four different infectious diseases, Diphtheria is a potentially fatal disease that usually involves the nose, throat, and air passages [2]. Its most prominent feature is the formation of a grayish membrane covering the tonsils and upper part of the throat. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Tetanus, or lockjaw, is a disease caused by the toxin of Clostridium tetani, affects the central nervous system and causes painful muscle contractions. Tetanus is often fatal.
Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a respiratory disease caused by Bordatella pertussis, with a typical cough which starts with a deep inhalation, followed by a series of quick, short coughs that continues until the air is expelled from the lungs, and ends with a long shrill, whooping inhalation [3]. Pertussis is very contagious and usually affects young children. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted through exposure to infective blood, semen, and other body fluids. HBV can be transmitted from infected mothers to infants at the time of birth or from family member to infant in early childhood [4]. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HBV. DPTHB vaccine which is labeled for storage in cold chain system, between +2 and +8°C.
Aims
This descriptive study was to analyze the data temperature of DPT- HB vaccine in cold chain system. We aimed to find the factor that effected to the change of vaccine’s temperature before used, such as area of vaccine transport, seasonal and type of health care unit.
Scope of Study
Temperature data of DPT-HB vaccine that supplied to health care units in National Health Security Office (NHSO) Region 1 area, included 8 provinces in northern part of Thailand in fiscal year 2011-2012, in the period of October 2011-September 2013, were analyzed [5].
Methods
The temperature data were collected by computerized data logger and analyzed by SPSS for window version 17.0 and Logtag analyzer program.
Definition
Vaccine
It means temperature-sensitive biological products that stimulate the immune system of the recipient to immunize against pathogens, toxins, or biomolecules, which can reduce or prevent disease.
Cold chain
It means the system used for storing vaccines in good condition, to maintain vaccine quality from the time of manufacture until the point of administration.
Data logger
It means electronic devices which automatically monitor and record environmental parameters over time, allowing conditions to be measured, documented, analyzed and validated. The data logger contains a sensor to receive the information and a computer chip to store it. Then the information stored in the data logger is transferred to a computer for analysis. In this study, Data logger means LogTag Trix-8 [6].
Vendor managed inventory (VMI)
It means optimizing Supply Chain performance in which the manufacturer is responsible for maintaining the distributor’s inventory levels. The manufacturer has access to the distributor’s inventory data and is responsible for generating purchase orders.
Primary care unit (PCU)
It means smallest unit of health care that provide primary care for villagers.
Contracting unit for primary care (CUP)
It means main Contractor of Primary Care Unit.
DPT-HB vaccine
It means vaccine that conveys immunity to four different infectious diseases, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and hepatitis B.
Seasonal
It means summer in the period from March to June, rainy in the period from July to October and winter in the period from November to February [7].
Results and Discussion
Temperature data of DPT-HB vaccine that supplied to health care units in National Health Security Office (NHSO) Region 1 area, included 8 provinces in northern part of Thailand, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lampang, Mae Hong Son, Phrae, Nan, Lamphun and Phayao Province, were analyzed.
Table 1 shows that 1,198 health care units that used data logger with 322 health care units sending data back to National Health Security Office (NHSO) Region 1 area, return rate of data was 26.9%, most of data that sending back to National Health Security Office (NHSO) Region 1 area at 40.4% from health care units in Lamphun province and the last that the data from health care units in Mae Hong Son province at 12.2%.
Table 1. Number of primary care unit and contracting unit for primary care in each province and number of return data to NHSOin fiscal year 2011-2012.
| Province | Number of health care units with data logger | Return of data | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Percent | ||
| Chiang Rai | 214 | 79 | 40 |
| Mae Hong Son | 49 | 6 | 12.2 |
| Lampang | 134 | 41 | 30.6 |
| Lamphun | 52 | 21 | 40.4 |
| Chiang Mai | 373 | 57 | 15.3 |
| Phayao | 90 | 36 | 40 |
| Nan | 141 | 55 | 39 |
| Phrae | 145 | 27 | 18.6 |
| Total | 1,198 | 322 | 26.9 |
General information of Contracting Unit for Primary Care; CUP and Primary Care Unit; PCU with data logger and number of data in fiscal year 2011-2012 by province and month were shown in Table 2. Most temperature data was collected from Primary Care Unit; PCU and from Chiang Rai province in both fiscal year [8-10]. The highest number of temperature data was reported in October of fiscal year 2011 and in February of fiscal year 2012.
Table 2. General information of contracting unit for primary care; CUP and primary care unit; PCU with data logger.
| General information | 2011 | 2012 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percent | Frequency | Percent | |
| Number of data from Data logger from | ||||
| Contracting Unit for Primary Care; CUP | 31 | 9.6 | 105 | 7.5 |
| Primary Care Unit; PCU | 292 | 90.4 | 1294 | 92.5 |
| Number of data from Data logger in province | ||||
| Chiang Rai | 58 | 17.9 | 358 | 25.6 |
| Mae Hong Son | 35 | 10.8 | 31 | 2.2 |
| Lampang | 39 | 12.1 | 185 | 13.2 |
| Lamphun | 29 | 9.0 | 83 | 5.9 |
| Chiang Mai | 35 | 10.8 | 270 | 19.3 |
| Phayao | 48 | 14.9 | 183 | 13.1 |
| Nan | 50 | 15.5 | 174 | 12.5 |
| Phrae | 29 | 9.0 | 115 | 8.2 |
| Month | ||||
| September | 25 | 7.8 | 107 | 7.6 |
| October | 88 | 27.2 | 102 | 7.3 |
| November | 87 | 26.9 | 114 | 8.1 |
| December | 67 | 20.8 | 144 | 10.3 |
| January | 34 | 10.5 | 13 | 9.4 |
| February | 20 | 6.2 | 147 | 10.5 |
| March | 2 | 0.6 | 140 | 10 |
| April | 0 | 0 | 135 | 9.7 |
| May | 0 | 0 | 114 | 8.2 |
| June | 0 | 0 | 98 | 7.0 |
| July | 0 | 0 | 49 | 3.5 |
| August | 0 | 0 | 118 | 8.4 |
Table 3 shows varies time period for setting data logger, most at the period of 1 hour, in fiscal year 2011, DPT-HB vaccine temperature had lower than 2°C at 86.9%, higher than 8°C at 90.4% and in fiscal year 2012, DPT-HB vaccine temperature had lower than 2°C at 78.5%, higher than 8°C at 92.5%.
Table 3. Data logger character of time period for record temperature and number of data outside cold chain period.
| Character | 2011 | 2012 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percent | Frequency | Percent | |
| Time period for record temperature | ||||
| 3 minute | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 |
| 5 minute | 23 | 7.1 | 145 | 10.3 |
| 6 minute | 0 | 0 | 76 | 5.4 |
| 7 minute | 0 | 0 | 77 | 5.5 |
| 10 minute | 8 | 2.5 | 60 | 4.3 |
| 11 minute | 0 | 0 | 55 | 3.9 |
| 20 minute | 0 | 0 | 166 | 11.9 |
| 30 minute | 39 | 12.1 | 252 | 18 |
| 1 hour | 253 | 78.3 | 565 | 40.4 |
| 3 hour | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 |
| 18 Hour 8 Second | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 |
| Temperature | ||||
| Lower than +2°C | 281 | 86.9 | 1,099 | 78.5 |
| Higher than +8°C | 291 | 90.4 | 93 | 92.5 |
Factor effected to the change of vaccine’s temperature
Temperature data outside cold chain period, lower than 2°C and higher than 8°C, by province were shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1. temperature data higher than 8°C by province
Figure 2. Percent of temperature data higher than 8°C by province.
Relationship between type of health care unit and percent of temperature data lower than 2°C and higher than 8°C, were shown in Tables 4 and 5.
Table 4. Relationship between type of health care unit and percent of temperature data lower than 2°C.
| Type of health care unit | Median (interquartile range) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|
| Fiscal year 2011 | ||
| Contracting Unit for Primary Care; CUP | 2.8 (21.2) | 0.335 |
| Primary Care Unit; PCU | 2.9 (33.6) | |
| Fiscal year 2012 | ||
| Contracting Unit for Primary Care; CUP | 0.0 (1.3) | 0.001 |
| Primary Care Unit; PCU | 0.9 (8.2) |
*Mann-Whitney U Test
Table 5. Relationship between type of health care unit and percent of temperature data higher than 8°C
| Type of health care unit | Median (interquartile range) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|
| Fiscal year 2011 | ||
| Contracting Unit for Primary Care; CUP | 0.7 (11.4) | 0.747 |
| Primary Care Unit; PCU | 1.1 (8.3) | |
| Fiscal year 2012 | ||
| Contracting Unit for Primary Care; CUP | 0.3 (1.3) | 0.073 |
| Primary Care Unit; PCU | 0.6 (3.2) |
*Mann-Whitney U Test
Figures 1 and 2 show temperature data outside cold chain period, lower than 2°C and higher than 8°C, by province.
Percent of temperature data lower than 2°C of Contracting Unit for Primary Care; CUP was significantly different from percent of temperature data of Primary Care Unit; PCU in fiscal year 2012, p=0.001, but did not significantly in fiscal year 2011, p=0.335 [11-17].
Focus on seasonal effect to vaccine temperature control, the result show that in fiscal year 2011, percent of temperature data higher than 8°C in rainy season was only significantly different from percent of temperature data higher than 8°C in winter season, show in Table 6.
Table 6. Relationship between percent of temperature data higher than 8°C in rainy and winter season in fiscal year 2011.
| Seasonal | Median (interquartile range) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|
| Rainy | 2.4 ( 14.7) | 0.001 |
| Winter | 0.6 ( 5.3) |
*Mann-Whitney U Test
In fiscal year 2012, percent of temperature data lower than 2°C in summer season was significantly different from percent of temperature data lower than 2°C in rainy season, rainy season with winter season and summer season with winter season, show in Tables 7-9.
Table 7. Relationship between percent of temperature data lower than 2°in summer and rainy season in fiscal year 2012.
| Seasonal | Median (interquartile range) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|
| Summer | 0.6 (3.2) | 0.001 |
| Rainy | 2 (24.6) |
*Mann-Whitney U Test
Table 8. Relationship between percent of temperature data lower than 2°in rainy and winter season in fiscal year 2012.
| Seasonal | Median (interquartile range) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|
| Rainy | 2 (24.6) | 0.010 |
| Winter | 0.8 (8.2) | |
| *Mann-Whitney U Test | ||
Table 9. Relationship between percent of temperature data lower than 2° in summer and winter season in fiscal year 2012.
| Seasonal | Median (interquartile range) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|
| Summer | 0.6 (3.2) | 0.016 |
| Winter | 0.8 (8.2) | |
| *Mann-Whitney U Test | ||
Percent of temperature data higher than 8°C in fiscal year 2012, in rainy season was significantly different from percent of temperature data higher than 8°C in winter season, p=0.001, show in Table 10 and in summer season was significantly different from percent of temperature data higher than 8°C in winter season, p=0.001, show in Table 11.
Table 10. Relationship between percent of temperature data higher than 8°C in summer and winter season in fiscal year 2012.
| Seasonal | Median (interquartile range) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|
| Summer | 0.7 (3.2) | 0.001 |
| Winter | 0.3 (2.4) | |
*Mann-Whitney U Test
Table 11. Relationship between percent of temperature data higher than 8°C in rainy and winter season in fiscal year 2012.
| Seasonal | Median (interquartile range) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|
| Rainy | 0.8 (3.3) | 0.001 |
| Winter | 0.3 (2.4) | |
*Mann-Whitney U Test
Conclusions
Temperature data of DTB-HepB Vaccine from 322 health care units sending back to National Health Security Office (NHSO) Region 1 area in final year 2011-2012, return rate of data was 26.9%. Most of data (40.4%) was from health care units in Lamphun province and the last from Mae Hong Son province at 12.2%. Most temperature data was collected from Primary Care Unit; PCU in both fiscal year. The highest number of temperature data was reported in October of fiscal year 2011 and in February of fiscal year 2012. The study also found that most of the health care worker did not set the computerize data logger follow the direction. The period of time for setting data logger were very fluctuates.
In f?iscal year 2011, DPT-HB vaccine temperature had lower than 2°C at 86.9%, higher than 8°C at 90.4% and in fiscal year 2012, DPT-HB vaccine temperature had lower than 2°C at 78.5%, higher than 8°C at 92.5% Percent of temperature data lower than 2°C of Contracting Unit for Primary Care; CUP was significantly different from percent of temperature data of Primary Care Unit; PCU in fiscal year 2012, but did not significantly in fiscal year 2011.
Percent of temperature data higher than 8°C of Contracting Unit for Primary Care; CUP did not significantly different from percent of temperature data of Primary Care Unit; PCU in both fiscal year 2011 and 2012.
In fiscal year 2011, percent of temperature data higher than 8°C in rainy season was only significantly different from percent of temperature data higher than 8°C in winter season
In fiscal year 2012, percent of temperature data lower than 2°C in summer season was significantly different from percent of temperature data lower than 2°C in rainy season, rainy season with winter season and summer season with winter season. Percent of temperature data higher than 8°C in rainy season was significantly different from percent of temperature data higher than 8°C in winter season and in summer season with winter season.
Both Contracting Unit for Primary Care; CUP and Primary Care Unit; PCU were well developed ability in usage the computerize data logger for monitor cold chain system from fiscal year 2011 to year 2012, especially in the period lower than 2°C. Seasonal, summer, rainy and winter, had significantly effect to vaccine’s cold chain system, especially break down to higher than 8°C, the same direction both in fiscal year 2011 and 2012.
Based on the study results, adequate equipment, provide training and supervision about new and current computerize data logger were recommended to support to maximize the efficacy and effectiveness of vaccine and cold chain monitoring in health care unit.
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