Research Article - Biomedical Research (2017) Volume 28, Issue 1

Gender: a primary homocysteine level-effecting factor for patients suffering homocysteine-related diseases

¹Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China

²Women and Infants Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China

³Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China

*Corresponding Author:

Qiao-Yan Li
Department of Pharmacy
Henan Provincial People’s Hospital
Zhengzhou University
Henan Province
PR China

Accepted date: June 06, 2016

Abstract

Introduction: Elevated homocysteine level (eHcy, or hyper-homocysteinemia) has proven as an independent risk for thrombotic vascular diseases. The digging of factors that effect homocysteine (Hcy) levels can benefit the prevention of the Hcy level elevation, aiming to decrease the prevalence of thrombotic vascular diseases.

Methods: A total of 1371 subjects were recruited for the study. These subjects were divided into three groups according to the category of diseases. In Group 1, 842 patients who bear coronary atherosclerosis were involved. Group 2 consisted of 369 patients suffering from cerebral atherosclerosis. And the remaining 160 patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) made Group 3. The effects of gender, lifestyle conditions (such as cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption), and age on Hcy levels were individually investigated for the three groups.

Results: Significant difference of the Hcy levels was not observed for the male patients having different smoking and drinking habits. The mean Hcy levels for the male patients were about 5 μmol/L higher than those for the female patients. Except those older than 85 years, patients in the same gender had similar Hcy levels between age periods.

Conclusions: Our research results further strengthen the prevalent viewpoint that male patients suffering from the eHcy associated diseases bear higher Hcy levels than female patients, which may provide explanation why male population has higher prevalence of eHcy associated diseases. The results of this study also indicated that different genders may have different Hcy control targets, which means that the normal range of Hcy levels 5 ~ 15 μmol/L may not be suitable for both genders.

Keywords

Homocysteine, Gender difference, Lifestyle, Age

Introduction

It has been strongly evidenced by previous laboratory and clinical studies that eHcy is an independent risk factor for thrombotic vascular diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases [1-9], ischaemic stroke [1,2,10,11] and acute pancreatitis (AP) [12-15]. Over the past decades, a lot of efforts have been paid to illustrate the underlying mechanisms how eHcy influences the progress of these diseases. Previous studies have suggested that eHcy promotes atherosclerosis (the pathogen of the above diseases) through several mechanisms including endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell proliferation, the activation of coagulation factors and platelets, oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, and the activation of inflammatory [16-18].

Generally, the enhancement of eHcy concentration can be attributed to minor genetic abnormalities or/and nutritional deficiencies of essential cofactors including folic acid, vitamin B6 and B12. Previous studies have disclosed that men have higher levels of Hcy than women [19-21]. However, to date this phenomenon has never attracted enough attention in clinic and still remains to be elucidated.

Over a long term of clinical observation, we investigated the effects of factors like gender, lifestyle conditions (such as cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption) and ages, on Hcy levels. The results of this study may provide answers to the following two questions: 1. Is there an obvious disparity of Hcy levels between different genders in Chinese population? 2. Among lifestyle conditions, ages and gender, which was the most important factor that affects the Hcy levels? Answers to these questions hopefully assist to find new therapeutic regimens for the reduction of the plasmatic Hcy concentration of and the prevalence of diseases associated with eHcy.

Methods

Subjects

A total of 1371 adults from Henan Provincial People’s Hospital (Henan Province, China), were recruited for the study. All the subjects are of Chinese Han ethnic origin. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the category of diseases: group 1 consisted of 842 patients (621 male, 221 female) with coronary atherosclerosis, group 2 was made up of 369 patients (287 male, 82 female) with cerebral atherosclerosis and group 3 had 160 patients (103 male, 57 female) with AP.

Clinical data on the subjects were collected from 2012 to 2015. General characteristics of the studied population are presented in Table 1. The study was approved by the ethical committees of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, informed consent was waived. Information about the medical history, tobacco habits and alcohol consumption of each individual was obtained from the reports at admission.

Table 1: General characteristics of the study population.

Experimental determinations

Venous blood samples were drawn and collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes. Blood samples of all the patients were taken within 24 hours after admission to the hospital. Plasma levels of Hcy were measured on an automatic biochemical analyser (AU5400, Olympus Optical Co, Sizuoka, Japan).

Statistical methods

The effects of tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and gender on Hcy levels were investigated using T test and Chi- Square test. A P value of <0.05 (two-tailed) was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

The influences tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on Hcy levels

The male patients in each group were divided into two subgroups, one subgroup without smoking or drinking habits, and the other one with both smoking and drinking habits. As is shown in Table 2, the Hcy levels of male patients among all the three groups had no significant divergence.

Table 2: Hcy levels in male patients with different lifestyle.

The influence of gender on Hcy levels

Surprisingly, male patients generally suffered higher Hcy levels, compared with female patients in each group. The mean Hcy levels of the female patients were around the upper limit of normal value (5-15 μmol/L); however, that values for the male patients were 5 μmol/L higher than that of the female patients. The results were shown in Table 3.

The influence of ages on Hcy levels

To study the effects of ages on Hcy levels, all the male and female patients were divided into six age groups, ages <45 years, between 45 to 55 years old, between 56 to 65 years old, between 66 to 75 years old, between 76 to 85 years old, and >85 years old. Except those older than 85 years, patients in the same gender had similar Hcy levels among age groups. As is shown in Table 4 and Figure 1, the mean Hcy levels of the male patients were higher than that of the female patients in the same age group.

Table 4: Hcy levels in patients with different age groups.

Figure 1: Hcy levels in patients with different genders and ages.

Discussion

Previous research reported that eHcy was an independent risk factor for thrombotic vascular diseases. Hence, proper control of Hcy levels helps to reduce the prevalence of eHcy-related diseases. The well-known factors that can influence Hcy levels include the activity of the enzymes such as methylenetetrahyrdofolate reductase (MTHFR), dietary intakes of methionine, folate and Vitamin B12. Lifestyle conditions such as cigarette smoking, excessive coffee and alcohol consumption also play important roles in modulating Hcy levels.

In this study we investigated the effects of lifestyle, gender and ages on Hcy levels in patients with eHcy associated diseases. It was found that lifestyle and ages generated little effects on Hcy levels. High frequency of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking did not result in higher Hcy levels in male patients. The influence of age on Hcy levels were observed only in elderly patients (patients with age>85 years). However, gender serves as the most important factor that affected the Hcy levels. In all the three groups, the mean Hcy levels of the female patients were around the upper limit of normal value (5-15 μmol/L), while the Hcy levels of male patients were 5 μmol/L higher than that of the female patients.

Previous research discovered that lowering Hcy concentrations by 3 μmol/L (achievable by increasing folic acid intake) would reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease by 16%, deep vein thrombosis by 25% and stroke by 24% [1]. Combined with our results, it can be concluded that the higher prevalence of thrombotic vascular diseases in male population may be in large part due to the higher Hcy levels in males, and that increasing folic acid and vitamin B12 intake may reduce the prevalence of such diseases in males. Further studies are needed to confirm this conclusion.

The above results further strengthen the phenomenon that male patients with the eHcy associated diseases had higher Hcy levels than female patients. The unveiling of the mechanism behind this difference promisingly provides new therapeutic regimens for the reduction of the plasmatic Hcy concentration and the prevalence of eHcy-related diseases. It is also indicated that different Hcy control targets can be expected among genders. The recognized range of Hcy levels 5 ~ 15 μmol/L may be not suitable for male and female patients.

References

1. Wald D, Law M, Morris J. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis. Bmj 2002; 325: 1202.
2. The homocysteine studies collaboration. Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a mate -analysis. JAMA 2002; 16: 2023-2042.
3. Nasir K, Tsai M, Rosen BD, Fernandes V, Bluemke DA, Folsom AR, Lima JAC. Elevated homocysteine is associated with reduced regional left ventricular function: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation 2007; 115: 180-187.
4. Evrengul H, Tanriverdi H, Enli Y, Kuru O, Seleci D, Bastemir M, Kilic A, Kaftan A, Kilic M. Interaction of plasma homocysteine and thyroid hormone concentrations in the pathogenesis of the slow coronary flow phenomenon. Cardiol 2007; 108: 186-192.
5. Mantjoro EM, Toyota K, Kanouchi H, Kheradmand M, Niimura H, Kuwabara K, Nakahata N, Ogawa S, Shimatani K, Kairupan TS, Nindita Y, Ibusuki R, Nerome Y, Owaki T, Maenohara S, Takezaki T. Positive association of plasma homocysteine levels with cardioankle vascular index in a prospective study of Japanese men from the general population. J Atheroscler Thromb 2016; 23: 681-691.
6. Moselhy SS, Demerdash SH. Plasma homocysteine and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease. Dis Markers 2003- 2004; 19: 27-31.
7. Ganguly P, Alam SF. Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease. Nutr J, 2015; 14: 6.
8. Wu Y, Huang Y, Hu Y, Zhong J, He Z, Li W, Yang Y, Xu D, Xu S. Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor in young patients with coronary artery disease in southern China. Herz 2013; 38: 779-784.
9. Fu ZH, Qian G, Xue H, Guo J, Chen L, Yang X, Shen MZ, Dong W, Chen YD. Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent predictor of long-term clinical outcomes in Chinese octogenarians with acute coronary syndrome. Clin Interv Aging, 2015; 10: 1467-1474.
10. Shi ZH, Guan YL, Huo YR, Liu SL, Zhang ML, Lu H, Yue W, Wang JH, Ji Y. Elevated total homocysteine levels in acute ischemic stroke are associated with long-term mortality. Stroke 2015; 46: 2419-2425.
11. Sacco RL, Anand K, Lee HS, Albala BB, Stabler S, Allen R, Paik MC. Homocysteine and the risk of ischemic stroke in a triethnic cohort: the northern Manhattan study. Stroke 2004; 35: 2263-2269.
12. Yuzbasioglu MF, Ozkaya M, Cakal E, Goksu M. Changes in plasma levels of homocysteine in patients with AP. Jop J Pancreas, 2008; 9: 357-361.
13. Girish BN, Vaidvanathan K, Rao NA, Rajesh G, Reshmi S, Balakrishnan V. Chronic pancreatitis is associated with hyper-homocysteinemia and derangements in transsulfuration and transmethylation pathways. Pancreas 2010; 39: 11-16.
14. Yang Q, Shi CS, Li R. Evaluation of homocysteine, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 on the severity and prognosis in acute pancreatitis. J Clin Intern Med 2014; 31: 618-620.
15. Mehmet FY, Mesut O, Erman C, Mustafa G. Changes in plasma levels of homocysteine in patients with acute pancreatitis. J Pancreas 2008; 9: 357-361.
16. Selhub J.Homocysteine metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 1999;19: 217-246.
17. Tawakol A, Omland T, Gerhard M, Wu JT, Creager MA. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with impaired endothelium dependent vasodilation in humans. Circulation 1997; 95: 1119-1121.
18. Mudd SH, Finkelstein JD, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Malinow MR, Lentz SR, Jacobsen DW, Brattstrom L, Wilcken B, Wilcken DEL, Blom HJ, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Selhub J, Rosenberg IH. Homocysteine and its disulfide derivatives a suggested consensus terminology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 1704-1706.
19. Chen JY, Tsai YW, Chen SY, Ho C, Weng YM, Hsiao CT, Li WC. The association of leptin and homocysteine with renal function impairment in a population of Taiwanese adults. Nutr 2015; 34: 943-950.
20. Lendinez AM, Palomares AR, Perez-Nevot B, Rodriguez MC, Galdon MR, Engel AR. Differential behaviour of serum and red blood cell folate during a treatment with levofolinic acid. Gender differences. Clin Lab 2014; 60: 1579-1584.
21. Chen KJ, Pan WH, Yang FL, Wei IL, Shaw NS, Lin BF. Association of B vitamins status and homocysteine levels in elderly Taiwanese. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2005; 14: 250-255.