Journal of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics

All submissions of the EM system will be redirected to Online Manuscript Submission System. Authors are requested to submit articles directly to Online Manuscript Submission System of respective journal.
Reach Us +441518081136

Rapid Communication - Journal of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics (2025) Volume 10, Issue 2

Environmental and Lifestyle Factors in Carcinogenesis: Risk and Prevention

Hanno Ernst *

Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers University, USA

*Corresponding Author:
Hanno Ernst
Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers University, USA
E-mail: h.ernst@cinj.rutgers.edu

Received: 1-Mar-2025, Manuscript No. JMOT-25-162124; Editor assigned: 4-Mar-2025, PreQC No. JMOT-25-162124 (PQ) Reviewed:17-Mar-2025, QC No. JMOT-25-162124Revised:24-Mar-2025, Manuscript No. JMOT-25-162124; Published:31-Mar-2025, DOI: 10.35841/jmot- 10.2.258

Citation: Ernst H. Environmental and lifestyle factors in carcinogenesis: Risk and prevention. J Med Oncl Ther. 2025;10(2):258

Visit for more related articles at Journal of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics

Introduction

Carcinogenesis, the process of cancer development, is influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. While some cancers arise due to inherited genetic mutations, a significant proportion is driven by external factors, including exposure to carcinogens, dietary habits, and personal behaviors. Understanding these risk factors is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies and reducing the global burden of cancer [1].

Environmental exposure to carcinogens plays a major role in cancer development. These carcinogens can be found in air pollution, industrial chemicals, pesticides, heavy metals, and radiation. For example, prolonged exposure to asbestos has been strongly linked to mesothelioma, while benzene, a chemical used in industrial processes, is associated with leukemia. Additionally, ultraviolet (UV) radiation from excessive sun exposure significantly increases the risk of skin cancers, including melanoma [2].

Air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and toxic gases such as nitrogen dioxide, has been implicated in lung cancer. Studies have shown that individuals living in highly polluted urban areas have a greater risk of developing respiratory malignancies. Moreover, exposure to secondhand smoke, radon gas, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in household environments can also contribute to carcinogenesis [3].

Tobacco smoking remains one of the most preventable causes of cancer. It contains over 7,000 chemicals, many of which are carcinogenic. Smoking is the leading risk factor for lung cancer, responsible for nearly 85% of cases worldwide. Additionally, it is linked to cancers of the throat, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, and cervix. Even non-smokers are at risk due to exposure to secondhand smoke, which has been associated with lung and childhood cancers [4].

Efforts to reduce smoking-related cancer risk include public health campaigns, smoking cessation programs, and policies such as higher taxes on tobacco products and smoking bans in public spaces. Quitting smoking at any stage significantly lowers cancer risk, reinforcing the importance of cessation programs [5].

Dietary choices significantly influence cancer risk. High consumption of processed meats, red meats, and foods rich in saturated fats has been linked to colorectal, stomach, and prostate cancers. Additionally, excessive alcohol consumption increases the risk of liver, esophageal, and breast cancers due to its toxic metabolites and ability to promote DNA damage [6].

Conversely, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats has protective effects against cancer. Antioxidants, fiber, and phytochemicals present in plant-based foods help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation, thereby lowering carcinogenesis risk. Adopting a balanced diet, limiting processed foods, and maintaining healthy portion sizes are key strategies in cancer prevention [7].

Obesity has emerged as a significant risk factor for multiple cancers, including breast, endometrial, colorectal, and kidney cancers. Excess body fat promotes chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and hormonal imbalances, all of which contribute to cancer development [8].

Regular physical activity plays a crucial role in cancer prevention by reducing obesity, regulating hormones, and enhancing immune function. Engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week has been shown to lower the risk of several cancer types. Encouraging a physically active lifestyle, combined with a healthy diet, can significantly reduce cancer susceptibility [9].

Adopting stress management techniques, ensuring adequate sleep, and maintaining a balanced lifestyle can help mitigate these risks. Practices such as meditation, exercise, and healthy sleep hygiene contribute to overall well-being and may lower cancer susceptibility [10].

Conclusion

Environmental and lifestyle factors play a crucial role in carcinogenesis, influencing cancer risk through exposure to carcinogens, dietary habits, and personal behaviors. Understanding these risk factors provides an opportunity for effective prevention strategies, including tobacco cessation, dietary modifications, regular physical activity, and vaccination against cancer-associated infections. By adopting healthier lifestyle choices and reducing exposure to environmental carcinogens, individuals can significantly lower their risk of developing cancer. Public health initiatives, policy regulations, and increased awareness are essential to promoting cancer prevention and reducing the global burden of this disease.

References

  1. Irigaray P, Newby JA, Clapp R, et al. Lifestyle-related factors and environmental agents causing cancer: An overview. Biomed Pharmacother. 2007;61(10):640-58.

    2. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  2. Lee YY, Derakhshan MH. Environmental and lifestyle risk factors of gastric cancer. Arch Iran Med. 2013;16(6):0-.

    3. Indexed at, Google Scholar

  3. Kato Jumba K. The impact of lifestyle and environmental factors on cancer risk and prevention. Inflammation.;17:19.

    4. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  4. Ahmed FE. Effect of diet, life style, and other environmental/chemopreventive factors on colorectal cancer development, and assessment of the risks. J Environ Sci Health C. 2004;22(2):91-148.

    5. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  5. Pérez-Moreno P, Riquelme I, García P, et al. Environmental and lifestyle risk factors in the carcinogenesis of gallbladder cancer. J Pers Med. 2022;12(2):234.

    6. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  6. Lewandowska AM, Rudzki M, Rudzki S, et al. Environmental risk factors for cancer-review paper. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2018;26(1):1-7.

    7. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  7. Romani M, Pistillo MP, Banelli B. Environmental epigenetics: Crossroad between public health, lifestyle, and cancer prevention. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015(1):587983.

    8. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  8. Marino P, Mininni M, Deiana G, et al. Healthy lifestyle and cancer risk: Modifiable risk factors to prevent cancer. Nutr. 2024;16(6):800.

    9. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  9. Soerjomataram I, Shield K, Marant-Micallef C, et al. Cancers related to lifestyle and environmental factors in France in 2015. Eur J Cancer. 2018;105:103-13.

    10. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  10. Rahman MS, Suresh S, Waly MI. Risk factors for cancer: Genetic and environment. Bioactive Components, Diet and Medical Treatment in Cancer Prevention. 2018:1-23.

    11. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Get the App