Research Article - Journal of Food Technology and Preservation (2021) Volume 5, Issue 3

Effect of aeration on acetic acid fermentation of apple cider at 25 to 30 degree Celsius.

Musaddiq Aziz¹, Arsalan Khan², Muhammad Zeeshan^2*, Owais Khan¹, Muhammad Ali³, Mukaram Shah²

¹Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Swabi, KP, Pakistan

²Department of Food Science and Technology, Agriculture Research Institute, Tarnab Farm, Pakistan

³Department of Soil Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, ARS, Pakistan

Corresponding Author:

Dr. Muhammad Zeeshan Agriculture Research Institute, Tarnab Farm, KP, Pakistan E-mail: zeeshanfst07@gmail.com

Accepted date: March 19 2021

Citation: Zeeshan M, Aziz M, Ali M.Effect of aeration on acetic acid fermentation of apple cider at 25 to 30°C. J Food Technol Pres 2021;5(3):28-31.

Abstract

The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effect of aeration on acetic acid fermentation of apple cider at 25oC to 30oC in comparison with non-aerated apple cider. Results showed that pH was decreased in both samples (aerated and non-aerated). Higher decrease was observed in non-aerated sample (8.33) while lower decrease was observed in aerated sample (5.55). Percent acidity increased in both samples (aerated and non-aerated). Higher increase was observed in non-aerated sample (38.09%) while lower increase was observed in aerated sample (23.52%). Total Soluble Solids decreased in both samples (aerated and non-aerated). Higher decrease was observed in non-aerated sample (24.56) while lower decrease was observed in aerated sample (33.33). A decrease in alcohol content was also observed both samples (aerated and non-aerated). Higher decrease was observed in non-aerated sample (49.01) while lower decrease was observed in aerated sample (70.58). It is concluded that force aeration significantly affect the acetic acid concentration during the first 4 days. However, after 4 days the aeration negatively affect the fermentation process because the air compressor collect hot air from the environment and that increase the temperature of stock to 37oC. This high temperature results in retardation of bacteria growth. However the non-aerated samples showed increase in acetic acid fermentation as compare to the aerated samples.

Keywords

Apple cider vinegar, Aeration, Non-aeration, Physiochemical, Acetic acid fermentation

Introduction

An apple (Malus pumila) is a sweet edible fruit cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. The small deciduous tree of apple originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii, is still found. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and were brought to North America by European colonists [1]. Worldwide, 89.3 million tons apples were produced during 2016, with China being the leading country with 50% of the world total produce [2] and United States is the second-leading producer, with more than 6% of world production. Turkey is third, followed by Italy, India and Poland. Total area under apple cultivation in Pakistan was 96928 hectares with an annual production of 62048 tons during 2015- 16 while in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the total area for cultivation was 7741 hectares with an annual production of 89333 tons [3]. Cider, called “hard cider” in the USA, is a popular alcoholic beverage that has been widely produced throughout the world for over two millennia. Its definition includes a wide range of fermented apple juices, obtained by different processes,and with different organoleptic characteristics. French ciders show a great diversity in both their composition and sensory characteristics in spite of relatively reduced process steps [4]. There are three types of Fermentation i.e., ethanol fermentation, acetic acid fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Fermentation is an essential metabolic phenomenon in which, sugar is consumed in the absence of oxygen. The products formed due to fermentation are organic acids, gases, or alcohol. Fermentation is a primary means of producing ATP by the degradation of organic nutrients anaerobically, and the process is believed to have been developed in order to preserve fruits and vegetables for times of scarcity [5]. Ethanol fermentation is also known as alcoholic fermentation that converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into energy (ATP), ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products. One glucose molecule is converted into two ethanol molecules and two carbon dioxide molecules. Vinegar is formed when acetic acid bacteria is added to alcoholic beverages. In this process, oxidative fermentation takes place that creates vinegar as a by-product [6]. Apple vinegar is obtained by biotechnological process of double fermentation, alcoholic and acetic. Prior to the start of the acetic fermentation apple wine is subjected to alcoholic fermentation which is carried out with yeast, thus obtaining the amount of necessary alcohol to produce acetic acid. By prolonging the outdoor stay-period of the fermented apple juice it can be seen on its surface a pellicle containing microorganisms with different characteristics belonging to the Acetobacter and Gluconobacter genus [7,8]. The biochemical mechanism for the conversion of alcohol in acetic acid starts with its oxidation into an acetaldehyde in the presence of alcohol dehydrogenase. Acetaldehyde, by the addition of a molecule of water, is converted into hydrate acetaldehyde, which in the presence of the aldehyde dehydrogenase is transformed into acetic acid-product of the fermentation [9]. The fermentation lasts between 8 to 14 weeks, depending on the initial composition of the alcoholic solution, fermentation temperature, nature of the microorganism, the contact surface liquid/air etc. Acetic acid fermentation process takes more than 14 days and depends on temperature, agitation, light, humidity, alcohol content, and nature juice. The present study is designed to check the effect of forced aeration on conversion of alcoholic fermentation to acetic acid.

Materials and Methods

The fermented apple juice having 5% Alcohol content was brought to the quality control laboratory of Food Science and Technology Section, Agriculture Research Institute Tarnab Peshawar for experimentation (Table 1).The fermented apple juice was first pasteurized at 68.1°C (1558 F) for 14 sec. and then split into two portions and each were inoculated with mother liquor of acetic acid bacteria. After inoculation the each cider were poured to glass carboy and kept at room temperature. One glass carboy was setup with force aeration system from air compressor and other glass carboy were covered with cheese cloth for natural aeration. Both the sample was analyzed for pH, acidity, alcohol and total soluble solids according to standard method of AOAC (2012) on daily basis.

Table 1: Titratable acidity of apple cider vinegar. Proposed study plane

Statistical analysis

All the data concerning treatments and storage interval were statistically analyzed by means of Completely Randomized Design (CRD) 2 Factorial as recommended by Gomez and Gomez (1984) and the means were separated by applying Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test at 5% possibility level as defined by Steel and Torrie (1997).

Results and Discussion

PH of both samples decreased in both treatments i.e. Force aeration and Natural aeration (Table 2). However, higher decreased were observed in Non-Aerated sample (8.33%) while lower decreased were found in aerated sample (5.55%). The statistical results revealed that storage interval and treatments had a significant (p<0.05) influenced on the pH of the Apple Cider Vinegar throughout storage duration. The results are in agreement with Jackson, he observed that as the fermentation process progress the production of lactic acid during fermentation will result in the lowering of the pH value [10]. Inverse to pH, the percent acidity (Table 3) increased in both treatment and higher increase was observed in non-Aerated sample (38.02%) while lower increased were found in aerated sample (23.52%). The highest increase in non-areated samples might be due to the favorable temperature. High temperature of surrounding air when forcefully applied to the aerated samples cause rise in temperature and hence cause lower increase in acidity as acetobacter specie are mesophilic and high temperature might have retarded its growth. These results are in agreement with Ukwo and Chidi, who worked on the Proliferation of Acetic Acid Bacteria during Soursop Juice Fermentation. The total soluble solid content (Table 4) decreased in both the treatments (Force aerated and Natural aerated) [11]. Higher decreased were observed in Non-Aerated sample (24.56%) while lower decreased were found in aerated sample (33.33%). The results are in agreement with Zoecklein et al., who find out that as fermentation progress small amounts of residual sugars which can affect the microbial stability in an alcoholic beverage [12]. To provide stability to the microbes, sugar need to be added in cases where there is insufficient sugar in the juice in order to increase the alcohol content. The statistical results revealed that storage interval and treatments had a significant (p<0.05) influenced on the total soluble solids of the Apple Cider Vinegar throughout storage duration. Progress of acetic acid fermentation, decreased the alcoholic content (Table 5) in both treatment. Higher decreased were observed in Non-Aerated sample (49.01%) while lower decreased were found in aerated sample (70.58%). The acetic acid bacteria consume alcohol and as a result acids are formed. The highest decrease in nonaerated samples may be due to favorable temperature whereas the aerated samples may have increased temperature which may have discouraged the growth of acetic acid bacteria.

Table 2: pH of apple cider vinega.

Table 3: Titratable acidity of apple cider vinegar.

Table 4: Total Soluble Solids (TSS) of apple cider vinegar.

Table 5: Alcohol content of apple cider vinegar.

Conclusion and Recommendations

It is concluded that force aeration significantly affect the acetic acid concentration during the first 4 days. However, after 4 days the aeration negatively affects the fermentation process because the air compressor collect hot air from the environment and hence increase the temperature of the stock to 37°C. This high temperature results in retardation of bacteria growth. However the non-aerated samples showed increase in acetic acid fermentation as compare to the aerated samples.

Future study should be carried out to analyzed for microbial count while storage at ambient temperature and using different packing materials.

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