Short Communication - Journal of Nutrition and Human Health (2022) Volume 6, Issue 3
Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for gestational diabetes mellitus throughout fetal development.
John King*
Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
- *Corresponding Author:
- John King
Department of Immunobiology
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven
USA
E-mail: king22@yale.edu
Received: 14-Mar-2022, Manuscript No. AAJNHH-22-114; Editor assigned: 15-Mar-2022, Pre QC No. AAJNHH-22-114(PQ); Reviewed: 21-Mar-2022, QC No. AAJNHH-22-114; Revised: 24-Mar-2022, Manuscript No. AAJNHH-22-114(R); Published: 30-Mar-2022, DOI: 10.35841/aajnhh- 6.3.114
Citation:Sophie S. Gobble up a nutritious diet to maintain good health and physiological effects and prevalence. J Nutr Hum Health. 2022;6(3):112
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many health complications. Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state, or death. Serious longterm complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, damage to the nerves, damage to the eyes and cognitive impairment [1].
Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. There are three main types of diabetes mellitus
Type 1 diabetes results from failure of the pancreas to produce enough insulin due to loss of beta cells. This form was previously referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile diabetes. The loss of beta cells is caused by an autoimmune response. The cause of this autoimmune response is unknown.
Type 2 diabetes begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly. As the disease progresses, a lack of insulin may also develop. This form was previously referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult-onset diabetes. The most common cause is a combination of excessive body weight and insufficient exercise [2].
Gestational diabetes is the third main form, and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels.
Type 1 diabetes must be managed with insulin injections. Prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes involves maintaining a healthy diet, regular physical exercise, a normal body weight, and avoiding use of tobacco. Type 2 diabetes may be treated with oral antidiuretic medications, with or without insulin. Control of blood pressure and maintaining proper foot and eye care are important for people with the disease. Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia). Weight loss surgery in those with obesity is sometimes an effective measure in those with type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby [3].
As of 2019, an estimated 463 million people had diabetes worldwide (8.8% of the adult population), with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases. Rates are similar in women and men. Trends suggest that rates will continue to rise. Diabetes at least doubles a person's risk of early death. In 2019, diabetes resulted in approximately 4.2 million deaths. It is the 7th leading cause of death globally. The global economic cost of diabetes-related health expenditure in 2017 was. In the United States, diabetes cost nearly. Average medical expenditures among people with diabetes are about 2.3 times higher [4].
Diabetic emergencies
People with diabetes (usually but not exclusively in type 1 diabetes) may also experience diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a metabolic disturbance characterized by nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, the smell of acetone on the breath, deep breathing known as Kussmaul breathing, and in severe cases a decreased level of consciousness. DKA requires emergency treatment in hospital. A rarer but more dangerous condition is hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS), which is more common in type 2 diabetes and is mainly the result of dehydration caused by high blood sugars [5].
Treatment-related low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) is common in people with type 1 and also type 2 diabetes depending on the medication being used. Most cases are mild and are not considered medical emergencies. Effects can range from feelings of unease, sweating, trembling, and increased appetite in mild cases to more serious effects such as confusion, changes in behaviour such as aggressiveness, seizures, unconsciousness, and rarely permanent brain damage or death in severe cases. Rapid breathing, sweating, and cold, pale skin are characteristic of low blood sugar but not definitive. Mild to moderate cases are self-treated by eating or drinking something high in rapidly absorbed carbohydrates. Severe cases can lead to unconsciousness and must be treated with intravenous glucose or injections with glucagon.
References
- American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes care. 2014;37(Supplement_1):S81-90.
- Alam U, Asghar O, Azmi S, et al. General aspects of diabetes mellitus. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;126:211-22.
- Rees DA, Alcolado JC. Animal models of diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2005;22(4):359-70.
- Wolf I, Sadetzki S, Catane R, et al. Diabetes mellitus and breast cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6(2):103-11.
- Mukherjee S, Decina P, Bocola V, et al. Diabetes mellitus in schizophrenic patients. Compr Psychiatry. 1996;37(1):68-73.
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