Editorial - Journal of Biotechnology and Phytochemistry (2017) Volume 1, Issue 1
Biotechnological method for decreasing hazardous compound (acrylamide) formation during phyto food product processing.
Alemzadeh I*Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- *Corresponding Author:
- Alemzadeh I
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Tel: 98 21 6616 5486
E-mail: alemzadeh@sharif.edu
Accepted date: November 30, 2017
Citation: Alemzadeh I. Biotechnological method for decreasing hazardous compound (acrylamide) formation during phyto food product processing. J Gastroenterol Dig Dis. 2017;1(1):1-2.
DOI: 10.35841/biotechnology-phytochemistry.1.1.1-2
Visit for more related articles at Journal of Biotechnology and PhytochemistryAbstract
Acrylamide is a toxicant and defined as a suspected human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [1,2]. In 2002, a research group showed that acrylamide is found in a range of cooked foods, with the highest content range in carbohydrate-rich foods, 50-4000 μg Kg-1, and a range of 5-50 μg Kg-1 in protein-rich foods [2]. The outcome of this review was that the main acrylamide containing food groups were identified as cereal-based products and potatobased products [3]. Acrylamide in foods is formed in Maillard reaction pathway, which is a synthesis of asparagine, as an amino group, and a reducing sugar such as glucose and fructose (Figure 1) [4,5]. This reaction affects the development of flavor and color [6]. This chemical reaction mainly occurs at high temperatures (>120°C) and low moisture conditions [7]. Meanwhile, the relationship between these reactants and final product (acrylamide) is surprisingly complicated. Addition of the enzyme asparaginase, obtained from microbial sources has been reported as a method to reduce the formation of acrylamide since it results in the hydrolysis of asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia (Figure 2).
Acrylamide is a toxicant and defined as a suspected human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [1,2]. In 2002, a research group showed that acrylamide is found in a range of cooked foods, with the highest content range in carbohydrate-rich foods, 50-4000 μg Kg-1, and a range of 5-50 μg Kg-1 in protein-rich foods [2]. The outcome of this review was that the main acrylamide containing food groups were identified as cereal-based products and potatobased products [3]. Acrylamide in foods is formed in Maillard reaction pathway, which is a synthesis of asparagine, as an amino group, and a reducing sugar such as glucose and fructose (Figure 1) [4,5]. This reaction affects the development of flavor and color [6]. This chemical reaction mainly occurs at high temperatures (>120°C) and low moisture conditions [7]. Meanwhile, the relationship between these reactants and final product (acrylamide) is surprisingly complicated. Addition of the enzyme asparaginase, obtained from microbial sources has been reported as a method to reduce the formation of acrylamide since it results in the hydrolysis of asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia (Figure 2). Added asparaginase in bread making showed a reducing effect on acrylamide formation (P ≤ 0.0001). Baking temperature significantly increased the acrylamide content in bread (P ≤ 0.0001). A strong correlation was found between the baking temperature and acrylamide formation. Baking time and its interaction with asparaginase had a low but significant reducing effect on acrylamide content in bread (P ≤ 0.0001). Three parameters: cooking temperature, cooking time and enzyme concentration( U Kg-1) have been optimized using response surface methodology, their values obtained 245.71°C, 14.55 min and 752.15 U Kg-1, respectively [7,8].
Potato has high levels of acrylamide precursors; hence, at the presence of high temperatures acrylamide is generated. This toxic substance can have concentrations of even more than 4000 μg/kg in potato products [8]. Further supports the finding that addition of the enzyme asparaginase is a method to reduce the formation of acrylamide since it results in the hydrolysis of the critical precursor (asparagine) for acrylamide formation in bread and potato products.
The main aim is to compare the reduction of acrylamide in potato crisps using two kinds of asparaginase enzyme; the first enzyme is commercial but the second is an enzyme made from Candida utilize specifically for food treatment. Before frying, samples were treated in one of following ways: Washing in distilled water (control I); Blanching in hot water; Immersion in commercial asparaginase (asparaginase of Candida utilis) solution; Both blanching in hot water and immersion in commercial asparaginase (asparaginase of Candida utilis) solution; Blanching in hot water plus immersion in medium temperature water (control II). While commercial asparaginase reduces acrylamide formation by 39%, asparaginase obtained from Candida utilize makes a higher reduction of 58% in potato crisps. However, both enzymes in combination with blanching inhibit much higher amount of acrylamide formation. The maximum reduction of acrylamide is 95% caused by commercial treatment plus blanching. For conclusion, enzymatic process could be suggested as a safe and convenient method for preventing acrylamide formation in bread making and potato products processing.
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