Case Report - Biomedical Research (2018) Volume 29, Issue 12

Anaphylaxis due to food-related anaphylaxis treated with omalizumab

Hui Chien Lai¹, Kuan-Hua Chu² and Su-Boon Yong^3,4,5,*

¹Department of Pediatrics, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan

²Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

³Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

⁴Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan

⁵Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author:

Su-Boon Yong
Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology
Department of Pediatrics
Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Taiwan

Accepted date: May 18, 2018

Abstract

Anaphylaxis is a systemic allergic reaction that is acute and could be life-threatening. Once diagnosed, avoidance of allergen and carrying an epinephrine auto-injector are recommended. Most anaphylactic reactions are immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated and the major triggers include food, medication, insect stings, exercise and vaccines. Here, we present a case of a 38-year-old male, a surgeon, diagnosed as food-related anaphylaxis with a convincing clinical history and the positive serum-specific IgE level to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farina allergens. This patient was treated with omalizumab administered subcutaneously. Routine lymphocyte subsets and CD23+ B cells of this patient were evaluated monthly for the consecutive ten months and one year after the last treatment. Our data showed that there was a correlation between the level of CD23+ B cells and the efficacy of omalizumab treatment. The patient had higher percentage of CD23+ B cells and CD23 expression level (86.5 % and MFI 371.9, respectively) during the onset of anaphylaxis. With the omalizumab treatment, both CD23+ B cells and CD23 expression level decreased gradually. The basal levels of CD23+ B cells and CD23 expression dropped to 25.1% and 72.6 MFI, respectively when the patient became recovered one year after the last treatment. Our findings highlight the potential of CD23+ B cells to be the useful parameter to predict the treatment effect of omalizumab in food-related anaphylaxis.

Keywords

Anaphylaxis, Omalizumab, CD23+ B cells

Introduction

Anaphylaxis is a systemic allergic reaction that is acute and could be life-threatening [1]. The most common triggers for allergic reactions are represented by food (35%) followed by drugs and biologics (20%), insect stings (20%), exercise (5%), and vaccines (3%) [2]. The symptoms of anaphylaxis involve several organ systems including skin, causing mainly urticaria (80~90%), respiratory tract (70%), gastrointestinal tract (30~45%), cardiovascular (10~45%) and central nervous system (10-15%) [3]. The mechanisms of food allergy are primarily associated with the immunoglobulin E (IgE)- mediated type I allergic reaction, but also with all the other three types of allergy [4]. Once diagnosed, avoidance of allergen and carrying an epinephrine auto-injector are recommended [3,5]. In addition to epinephrine, diphenhydramine is often used for anaphylaxis by injection [6]. Diphenhydramine is an anti-histamine used to treat allergies and was commonly used for acute allergic reactions in the emergency department as of 2007 [7].

Recently, the reports of food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis has been increasing, it is a special type of IgEmediated food allergy [8] and develops after starting to exercise following food allergen exposure [9]. It has been reported that omalizumab is mainly used to treat asthma, urticaria, eczema and other allergic diseases, and it has shown a favorable safety and tolerability profile [10,11]. Omalizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody against IgE, which can lower the level of free IgE in plasma and inhibit a series of biological effects caused by IgE by selectively binding to high-affinity IgE receptors. At the same time, it can regulate the behavior of basophilic granulocytes, mast cells and B cells [10,11]. It is expected that omalizumab could bring new hope for the treatment of allergic diseases. However, the precise mechanism of omalizumab action remains unclear. Here, we described a case of food-related anaphylaxis successfully treated with omalizumab and investigated his level of CD23+ B cells in relation to the treatment effect of omalizumab.

Case Report

A 38-year-old Taiwanese male surgeon was admitted to the emergency department by ambulance when he developed anaphylaxis following exercise outdoors. He ate some fried rice, almond soup and French fries. Approximately 40 minutes after eating the food, he went outdoor for running. Within 15 minutes of onset of physical activity, he developed lip swelling then stopped running. He also presented with periorbital edema, urticarial rash, generalized pruritus, and abdominal pain. In the emergency department, the vital sign was low blood pressure of 60/40 mmHg. Therefore, he was diagnosed as food-related anaphylaxis. He was then treated with Benadryl (diphenhydramine) and intramuscular epinephrine and his symptoms resolved within approximately three hours. He regularly exercises and never had the issues with postprandial activity. He was not exposed to alcohol, or medication (including NSAIDs and aspirin) several hours prior to exercise. Positive serum-specific IgE level to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) and Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) allergens was found. Noticeably, he had similar symptoms of anaphylaxis after exercise four months later. Therefore, omalizumab (150 mg) was prescribed for this patient. Now the patient had no more anaphylaxis episodes.

In order to evaluate the effect of the omalizumab treatment and elucidate the possible mechanism of omalizumab action, routine lymphocyte subsets and CD23+ B cells were evaluated monthly for consecutive ten months and one year after the last treatment. Our data showed that the frequencies of lymphocyte population were normal and quite consistent during the entire treatment course (Table 1). Noticeably, there was a correlation between the level of CD23+ B cells and the efficacy of omalizumab treatment (Table 2). The patient had higher percentage of CD23+ B cells and CD23 expression level (86.5 % and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) 371.9, respectively) during the onset of anaphylaxis. With the omalizumab treatment, CD23+ B cells and expression level decreased gradually. The basal level of CD23+ B cells and CD23 expression even dropped to 25.1%, 72.6 MFI, respectively when the patient became recovered one year after the last treatment. However, it is noticed that from 6th to 10th treatments, the percentage of CD23+ B cells and CD23 expression level were elevated to 71.6% (MFI 109.7), and then again gradually dropped to 36.5% (MFI 106.7). This suggested that the patient might be exposed to other allergen. Indeed, he suffered from urticaria when he came back for the 6th treatment. Therefore, the increase on the level of CD23+ B cells from the 6th treatment was associated with the onset of allergic reaction and more omalizumab treatment was thus urged. This study was approved by the institutional review board of Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Taiwan.

Table 1. The frequencies of different lymphocyte subsets (%) during the omalizumab treatment course.

Table 2. The percentage and expression of CD23+ B cells during the omalizumab treatment course.

Discussion

According to the literature [12-14], omalizumab exerts its action in at least three different ways: (1) Binding free circulating IgE and thus significantly reducing the amount of IgE available on the surface of mast cells and basophils to bind antigen; (2) reducing the expression of IgE high-affinity receptor (FcεRI) on effector cells; and (3) suppressing the basophil response to allergens. However, the precise mechanism of omalizumab action, especially in chronic spontaneous urticaria remains unclear.

Similar to FcεRI, CD23 binds to IgE with equal affinity. It has been reported that OVA-specific IgE bound by CD23 on B cells could help OVA-specific T cell expansion [15]. Moreover, CD23+ is considered as a negative regulator of IgE. Mice with overexpression of CD23 have decreased production of IgE, in contrast, CD23 deficient mice have higher IgE level [16,17]. However, in human, the role of CD23+ B cells for IgE remains controversial [18,19]. Gagro et al. had mentioned that CD23+ lymphocytes were positively correlated with serum IgE level. In addition, CD23+ B cells were decreased after hyposensitization in allergy children and had correlation with the severity in asthma patients after allergen challenge [20,21]. Serum IgE level is one of the parameters to evaluate the severe condition in allergy. However, it cannot be accounted as the reference during the omalizumab treatment. In this case study, we evaluated the CD23+ B cell expression following omalizumab treatment to determine whether the level of CD23+ B cells could replace serum IgE to assess the patient condition and the effect of omalizumab treatment. Indeed, our result revealed that CD23+ B cells might be the parameter to evaluate the efficacy of omalizumab treatment; however, it requires more data to confirm this discovery.

Conclusion

Our findings highlight the potential of CD23+ B cells to be the useful parameter to predict the treatment effect of omalizumab in food-related anaphylaxis. This may help develop improved therapeutic strategies for the treatment of anaphylaxis.

References

1. Sampson HA, Munoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, Adkinson NF, Bock SA, Branum A, Brown SG, Camargo CA, Cydulka R, Galli SJ, Gidudu J, Gruchalla RS, Harlor AD, Hepner DL, Lewis LM, Lieberman PL, Metcalfe DD, O'Connor R, Muraro A, Rudman A, Schmitt C, Scherrer D, Simons FE, Thomas S, Wood JP, Decker WW. Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report-second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. Ann Emerg Med 2006; 47: 373-380.
2. Golden DB. Patterns of anaphylaxis: acute and late phase features of allergic reaction: In: Bock G, Goode J, editors. Anaphylaxis: Novartis Foundation Symposium 257. London, John Wiley & Sons 2004; pp. 101-115.
3. Joint Task Force on Practice, Parameters American Academy of Allergy, Asthma Immunology, American College of Allergy, Asthma Immunology, Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma Immunology. The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: S483-523.
4. Iweala OI, Choudhary SK, Commins SP. Food Allergy. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2018; 20: 17.
5. Waserman S, Chad Z, Francoeur MJ, Small P, Stark D, Vander Leek TK, Kaplan A, Kastner M. Management of anaphylaxis in primary care: Canadian expert consensus recommendations. Allergy 2010; 65: 1082-1092.
6. Young WF. Chapter 11: Shock: In: Humphries RL, Stone CK, editors. CURRENT Diagnosis and Treatment Emergency Medicine, Seventh Edition (LANGE CURRENT Series). New York, McGraw-Hill Professional 2011; pp. 174-180.
7. Banerji A, Long AA, Camargo CA, Jr. Diphenhydramine versus nonsedating antihistamines for acute allergic reactions: a literature review. Allergy Asthma Proc 2007; 28: 418-426.
8. Ebisawa M, Ito K, Fujisawa T, Committee for Japanese Pediatric Guideline for Food Allergy TJSoPA, Clinical Immunology TJSoA. Japanese guidelines for food allergy 2017. Allergol Int 2017; 66: 248-264.
9. Kleiman J, Ben-Shoshan M. Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis with negative allergy testing. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014.
10. Assayag M, Moshel S, Kohan M, Berkman N. The effect of omalizumab treatment on the low affinity immunoglobulin E receptor (CD23/fc epsilon RII) in patients with severe allergic asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc 2018; 39: 36-42.
11. Broesby-Olsen S, Vestergaard H, Mortz CG, Jensen B, Havelund T, Hermann AP, Siebenhaar F, Moller MB, Kristensen TK, Bindslev-Jensen C, Mastocytosis Centre Odense University Hospital. Omalizumab prevents anaphylaxis and improves symptoms in systemic mastocytosis: Efficacy and safety observations. Allergy 2018; 73: 230-238.
12. Chang TW, Wu PC, Hsu CL, Hung AF. Anti-IgE antibodies for the treatment of IgE-mediated allergic diseases. Adv Immunol 2007; 93: 63-119.
13. Chang TW. The pharmacological basis of anti-IgE therapy. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18: 157-162.
14. Chang TW, Shiung YY. Anti-IgE as a mast cell-stabilizing therapeutic agent. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117: 1203-1212.
15. Getahun A, Hjelm F, Heyman B. IgE enhances antibody and T cell responses in vivo via CD23+ B cells. J Immunol 2005; 175: 1473-1482.
16. Stief A, Texido G, Sansig G, Eibel H, Le Gros G, van der Putten H. Mice deficient in CD23 reveal its modulatory role in IgE production but no role in T and B cell development. J Immunol 1994; 152: 3378-3390.
17. Texido G, Eibel H, Le Gros G, van der Putten H. Transgene CD23 expression on lymphoid cells modulates IgE and IgG1 responses. J Immunol 1994; 153: 3028-3042.
18. Luo HY, Hofstetter H, Banchereau J, Delespesse G. Cross-linking of CD23 antigen by its natural ligand (IgE) or by anti-CD23 antibody prevents B lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. J Immunol 1991; 146: 2122-2129.
19. Pirron U, Schlunck T, Prinz JC, Rieber EP. IgE-dependent antigen focusing by human B lymphocytes is mediated by the low-affinity receptor for IgE. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20: 1547-1551.
20. Gagro A, Rabatic S, Trescec A, Dekaris D, Medar-Lasic M. Expression of lymphocytes Fc epsilon RII/CD23 in allergic children undergoing hyposensitization. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1993; 101: 203-208.
21. Krogulska A, Wasowska-Krolikowska K, Polakowska E, Chrul S. Evaluation of receptor expression on immune system cells in the peripheral blood of asthmatic children undergoing food challenges. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009; 150: 377-388.