Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Reach Us +1 (202) 780-3397

Review Article - Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (2022) Volume 12, Issue 90

A review article of effects causing male infertility and changing in sperm quality.

Prachi Pramod Deshmukh1, Ujwal Gajbe2*, Amol Gaikwad3, Minal Kalambe4

1Department of Clinical Embryology, Datta Meghe Medical College, Shalinitai Meghe Hospital and Research Centre, Wanadongri, Hingna, India

2Department of Anatomy, Datta Meghe Medical College, Shalinitai Meghe Hospital and Research Centre, Wanadongri, Hingna, India

3Department of Information Technology, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, India

4Department of OBGY, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, India

*Corresponding Author:
Ujwal Gajbe
Department of Anatomy
Datta Meghe Medical College
Shalinitai Meghe Hospital and Research Centre
Wanadongri
Hingna
Maharashtra
India
E-mail: Ujwalg69@gmail.com

Received: 26-April-2022, Manuscript No. AABPS-22-61845; Editor assigned: 02-May-2022, PreQC No. AABPS-22-61845(PQ); Reviewed: 17-May-2022, QC No. AABPS-22-61845; Revised: 25-May-2022, Manuscript No. AABPS-22-61845(R); Published: 02-June-2022, DOI:10.35841/2249-622X.90.126

Citation: Deshmukh PP, Gajbe U, Gaikwad A, et al. A review article of effects causing male infertility and changing in sperm quality. Asian J Biomed Pharmaceut Sci. 2022;12(90):126

Abstract

Introduction: Infertility and low fecundity have long been a source of concern, and they remain a significant clinical issue today, affecting 8–12% of couples worldwide. Male factor infertility accounts for 40–50% of all cases of infertility, with as many as 2% of all males having insufficient sperm parameters. Low sperm count, sperm motility, and morphological abnormalities are all possibilities. Infertility rates are substantially higher in less developed countries, and infectious disorders account for a bigger share of infertility. The new findings will aid researchers in better understanding male factor infertility trends in developing nations such as India, as well as uncovering potential future causes of male infertility. Conclusion: Environment, lifestyle, health issues, and a variety of other factors all have an impact on infertility. As a result, the volume and quality of sperm changes. Many couples nowadays confront problems as a result of male health issues, which might impact his reproductive organ and cause other complications in his offspring.

Keywords

Reproductive health, Semen quality, IVF, Infertility.

Introduction

Infertility is a serious health issue that affects about 15% of couples. The male components of fertilization are responsible for the majority of infertility [1]. Male factors are mostly to blame. After 12 months of unprotected sexual activity, infertility is defined as the inability to conceive [2].

The ability of spermatozoa to fertilize is influenced by the quality of their sperm. Male infertility is becoming more prevalent over the world, with males in Africa, Europe, North America, and Asia suffering a drop in sperm quality. Despite the development of proactive mechanisms in sperm throughout spermatogenesis and epididymis maturation, they are nevertheless vulnerable to toxic assaults. Infertility is caused by deteriorating sperm quality. Pesticides, industrial pollutants, heavy metals, obesity, alcoholism, cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyles, insufficient dietary intake, oxidative stress, physiological parameters, and genetic variables have all been associated to male fertility in studies.

Ordinary sperm assessment and assays for sperm chromatin integrity are the most widely utilized and well-studied supplementary diagnostics in male infertility. Various therapeutic solutions for male infertility have been discovered over time by scientists. Male infertility with a recognised reason can be successfully treated, but other causes, such as hereditary factors, necessitate more pragmatic treatments. This page discusses the protective processes of spermatogenesis, as well as the causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for male infertility, both modern and traditional. In addition, this essay addresses current challenges and points in the right path for future research into the male infertility problem [3].

Infertility is a psychological, economic, and physiological infection that causes pain and anxiety, mainly in a society like ours in which having kids is prized. Infertility is a reproductive machine circumstance described via way of means of the incapability to reap medical being pregnant after one year or extra of common unprotected sexual intercourse, in keeping with the World Health Organization's International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (WHO) [4].

Seminal normal parameters

Despite its shortcomings, sperm evaluation remains the gold fashionable with inside the examine of male infertility. In order to examine the descriptive capabilities of the ejaculate, it has to be carried out to a always excessive fashionable. This take a look at is useful with inside the early evaluation of an infertile male; however it isn't always a fertility take a look at. It does not say something approximately a spermatozoon's ability to finish the maturation levels that result in fertilization.

Despite the reality that the consequences seem to correspond with "fertility," the take a look at isn't always an immediate degree of fertility. The WHO has modified the decrease reference stages for semen analyses: the fifth percentile turned into observed in a pattern of over 1900 guys whose spouses had a time-to-being pregnant of much less than 12 months (decrease reference limits and ninety five percentage selfassurance durations in parentheses).

Quantity: 1.5 ml (95% confidence in parentheses)

Sperm concentration: 15 million spermatozoa / ml

Total sperm number: 39 million spermatozoa per ejaculate (95% CI: 33–46)

Morphology: 4% normal forms (95% CI: 3–4), using “strict” Tyger berg method

Vitality: 58% live (95% CI: 55–63)

Progressive motility: 32% (95% CI: 31–34)

Total (Progressive + No progressive Motility): 40% (95% CI: 38–42) [5].

Environmental, occupational, and changeable life-style elements can also additionally all make a contribution to male fertility decline. Cigarette smoking, alcohol usage, unlawful drug use, obesity, mental stress, superior paternal age, meals composition, and espresso use are all related to male infertility. Testicular warmness stress, full of life bicycle exercise, a loss of sleep, and publicity to electromagnetic radiation from cell telephones are many of the different concerns [6].

Infertility in men: An important factor

Male infertility is described as a man's lack of ability to conceive a baby from a fertile female. Infertility due via way of means of the "male factor" is characterized as an alternate in sperm concentration, motility, or morphology in as a minimum one pattern of sperm analyses accumulated 1 and four weeks apart [7]. Male factor infertility is defined as sperm parameters that do not meet WHO standards [8].

Oligospermia (low sperm concentration), asthenospermia (terrible sperm motility), and aberrant sperm morphology (peculiar sperm morphology) are the maximum not un usual place sperm abnormalities (teratospermia). Sperm extent and different seminal markers of epididymal, prostatic, and seminal vesicle interest are much less carefully linked to infertility [9].

Spermiogenesis

Significant morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes occur during Spermiogenesis. These changes include nuclear condensation, nucleus morphology, acrosome development, cytoplasm removal, flagellum growth, and mitochondrial organization into the sperm middle component. The nucleus has decondensed chromatin during the start of Spermiogenesis, and active transcription is suspected. The nucleus, on the other hand, replaces lysine and histidine-rich histones with a sequence of basic proteins throughout the later stages of spermiogenesis.

Transitional proteins are produced initially, followed by arginine and cysteine-rich basic protamine. The spermatid shrinks to a microscopic size. During spermiogenesis, the transition proteins orchestrate a series of interactions that result in the replacement of nuclear histones with protamine’s and nuclear condensation. The two types of transition proteins are TP1 and TP2 [10].

As a result of this arrangement (which begins at the nucleus's anterior end and advances toward the tail), nuclear DNA in mammalian sperm becomes 6-fold more condensed than DNA in somatic cells. As a result, sperm nuclear DNA is the most densely packed eukaryotic DNA ever discovered [11].

Treatments

The most extensively used and well-studied supplemental diagnostics in male infertility are sperm analysis and sperm chromatin integrity assays. The analysis of sperm DNA reveals that a significant fraction of spermatozoa are faulty [12].

NA is more likely to affect infertile males than fertile guys. Artificial insemination may be indicated if the sperm count is less than 40 million. If your sperm count is less than 20 million, you should consider the following treatments:

Assisted reproductive technology

In vitro fertilization (IVF) may be completed if the sperm depend is much less than 20 million however the motility is sufficient. In 1978, while in vitro fertilization (IVF) has become available, it marked a huge shift with inside the awareness of reproductive medicine. After the preliminary reviews of powerful surgical sperm retrieval, matters started to shift. The process of fertilizing eggs and sperm outdoor of the frame in a laboratory putting is referred to as in vitro fertilization.

The embryos are implanted with inside the uterus after they have developed. Collecting ova, amassing sperm, tracking and stimulating the improvement of healthful ovum/ova with inside the ovaries, fusion of nurtured ova and preferred sperms with inside the laboratory with the aid of using imparting the best surroundings for fertilization and early embryo growth, and sooner or later shifting the embryos into the uterus are the five fundamental steps in the IVF and embryo transfer process [13].

To begin, fertility medicines are used to slow ovarian maturation and enhance the likelihood of multiple eggs being collected during the menstrual cycle, a process known as ovulation induction. Because some eggs will not mature or fertilize after retrieval, a large number of ova are sought. Ultrasound, as well as the study of urine or blood test samples to establish hormone levels, is used to track ovarian growth.

Ovaries are collected via trans vaginal aspiration under laparoscopic or ultrasound supervision [14].

Herbal medicine

In conventional medicine, plenty of natural floras are used to deal with male infertility. Cardiospermum helicacabum, frequently recognised as "Welpenala," is one such example. The aqueous extract multiplied sperm count, motility, variety of implantations, and feasible embryos at dosages of a hundred and 2 hundred mg/kg. Ginseng roots (Panax quinquefolius) boom sperm count, morphology, and motility, at the same time as Maca root (Lepidium meyenii) enables to keep hormonal balance [15,16].

Conclusion

Environment, lifestyle, health issues, and a variety of other factors all have an impact on infertility. As a result, the volume and quality of sperm changes many couples now a day confront problems as a result of male health issues, which might impact his reproductive organ and cause other complications in his offspring.

References

  1. Agarwal A, Mulgund A, Hamada A, et al. A unique view on male infertility around the globe. Reprod biol endocrinol. 2015;13(1):1-9.

    2. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  2. Laan M. Systematic review of the monogenetic causes of male infertility: the first step towards diagnostic gene panels in the andrology clinic. Human Reprod. 2019;34(5):783-5.

    3. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  3. Dissanayake DM, Keerthirathna WL, Peiris LD. Male infertility problem: a contemporary review on present status and future perspective. Gender and the Genome. 2019;3:24.

    4. Indexed at, Google Scholar

  4. Zegers-Hochschild F, Adamson GD, de Mouzon J, et al. The international committee for monitoring assisted reproductive technology (ICMART) and the world health organization (WHO) revised glossary on ART terminology. Human Reprod. 2009;24(11):2683-7.

    5. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  5. Kumar N, Singh AK. Trends of male factor infertility, an important cause of infertility: A review of literature. J Human Reprod Sci. 2015;8(4):191.

    6. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  6. Vidal JD, Whitney KM. Morphologic manifestations of testicular and epididymal toxicity. Spermatogenesis. 2014;4(2):e979099.

    7. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  7. World Health Organisation. WHO laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction. Cambridge university press; 1999.

    8. Indexed at, Google Scholar

  8. Cooper TG, Noonan E, Von Eckardstein S, et al. World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics. Human Reprod Update. 2010;16(3):231-45.

    9. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  9. Harris ID, Fronczak C, Roth L, et al. Fertility and the aging male. Rev Urol. 2011;13(4):e184.

    10. Indexed at, Google Scholar

  10. O’Donnell L. Mechanisms of spermiogenesis and spermiation and how they are disturbed. Spermatogenesis. 2014;4(2):e979623.

    11. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  11. Champroux A, Torres-Carreira J, Gharagozloo P, et al. Mammalian sperm nuclear organization: resiliencies and vulnerabilities. Basic and clinical Androl. 2016;26(1):1-22.

    12. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  12. Sumner RN, Tomlinson M, Craigon J, et al. Independent and combined effects of diethylhexyl phthalate and polychlorinated biphenyl 153 on sperm quality in the human and dog. Scientific Rep. 2019;9(1):1-8.

    13. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  13. Tournaye H. Male factor infertility and ART. Asian J Androl. 2012;14(1):103.

    14. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  14.  Man L, Baron J, Har-Vardi I, et al. A live birth subsequent to IVF following egg retrieval only 12 hours after hCG priming. Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecol. 2013.

    15. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  15. Peiris LD, Dhanushka MA, Jayathilake TA. Evaluation of aqueous leaf extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum (L.) on fertility of male rats. BioMed Research Intern. 2015.

    16. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

  16. Jiang D, Coscione A, Li L, et al. Effect of Chinese herbal medicine on male infertility. International Review of Neurobiology. 2017;135:297-311.

    17. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Get the App