Journal of Trauma and Critical Care

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Research Article - Journal of Trauma and Critical Care (2017) Volume 1, Issue 2

A disintegrin and metalloprotenase with thrombospondin type 1 repeats 13 (ADAMTS13) in children with end stage renal disease on regular haemodialysis.

Mohamed Abdelaziz El-Gamasy*, Maher Ahmed Abdel Hafez, Mohsen Mustafa Eldeeb, Mohamed Mahmoud Abdelmageed

Faculty of Medicine, El-Gaish, Tanta Qism 2, Tanta, Al Gharbia Governorate, Egypt

*Corresponding Author:
Mohamed A El-Gamasy
Faculty of Medicine
Tanta
Gharbia Governorate
Egypt
Tl: +201208136076
E-mail: mgamsy@gmail.com

Accepted date: August 08, 2017

Citation: El-Gamasy MA, Hafez MAA, Eldeeb MM, et al. A disintegrin and metalloprotenase with thrombospondin type 1 repeats 13 (ADAMTS13) in children with end stage renal disease on regular haemodialysis. J Trauma Crit Care. 2017;1(2):18-24

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Abstract

Background: In chronic kidney disease (CKD), systemic inflammation may contribute to the endothelial dysfunction and accelerated thrombosis. Vascular access thromboembolism is the commonest cardio-vascular complication of children with End Stage Renal Diseae (ESRD). Recently A disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 repeats 13 (ADAMTS13) is suspected to be involved as a specific von Willebrand Factor (vWF) Cleaving Protease. Objectives: To evaluate serum ADAMTS13 level in children with ESRD on regular Haemodialysis (HD) and its correlation to thrombotic episode in HD patients. Subjects and methods: The present study was carried out on 40 children with ESRD on regular hemodialysis in Pediatric department of Tanta University hospital and 40 healthy age and sex matched children were serving as controls. All patients and controls were subjected to thorough history taking, especially history concerning vascular access thrombosis and clinical examination including anthropometric measurements, Routine laboratory assessment measuring complete blood picture (CBC) blood urea, serum Creatinin, PTH, PT, PTT, bleeding time, clotting time, blood electrolytes and urine analysis. Laboratory investigations include also ADAMTS 13 Level In this study. Results: There was a positive history of thrombi formation in patients more than controls especially in the vascular access and there was significant decrease in ADAMTS13 level in patients when compared to controls. Conclusions: Diminished serum ADAMTS13 level is an early biomarker for hypercoagulability and thrombotic tendency. Children with ESRD under regular HD have lower levels of serum ADAMTS 13 than controls which increase the risk for thrombosis.

Keywords

Children, End stage renal disease, Haemodialysis, Hypercoagulability

Introduction

Vascular access thrombosis constitutes about 20% of all hospitalization in dialyzed patients [1]. Hemodialyis (HD) process is associated with increasing thrombotic tendency due to platelets and clotting factors activation, in addition to fibromuscular and intimal hyperplasia, which may result in reduction in vascular access blood flow which causes blood stasis and favors hypercoagulability [2]. Von Willbrand Factor (vWF) is a wellknown index of endothelial damage and has been reported to increase in inflammatory conditions e.g. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) [3]. vWF is directly contributes to thrombus formation by mediating platelet adhesion to subendothelial collagen and indirectly, by being the carrier of FVIII and by preventing its plasma clearance [4]. A Disintegrin And Metalloprotenase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeats 13 (ADAMTS13) works by cleaving the Tyr 1605- Met 1606 bond in the central domain of the vWF subunit and by regulating the adherence of platelets to the collagen embeded in subendothelial tissue. Diminished serum ADAMTS13 levels may be considered a marker for thrombotic tendency [5]. Recently, ADAMTS13 mRNA was detected in kidney, including glomerular endothelial cells, podocytes, glomerular basement membrane, and tubular epithelial cells [6]. ADAMTS13 deficiency and or the presence of antibodies against this enzyme may increase ultra large (UL) vWF plasma levels, favoring the occurrence of thrombosis in small vessel [7]. Several studies have indicated that the ratio of vWF to ADAMTS13 may be beneficial in the diagnosis and treatment of patients in a prothrombotic state. Low activity of vWF-Cleaving Protease (vWF-CP) [8], contributes to the development of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) [9].

The aim of the work was to evaluate serum ADAMTS13 levels in children with ESRD on regular HD and its relation with dialysis duration and thrombotic episode as an early predictor of hypercoagulability status in pediatric HD patients.

Materials and Methods

Design of the study and setting

The present cross-sectional study was conducted after approval from the research ethical committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University and informed parental consents on 40 children with ESRD on regular haemodialysis attending Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit from June 2016 to June 2017. Their ages ranged from 3 to 17 years. They were 14 males and 26 females. 40 healthy children with matched age and sex were serving as control group.

All patients were undergoing haemodialysis three times per week, with dialysis session lasting for three to four hours. Patients were dialyzed on Fresenius 4008-B dialysis machine (Germany) at blood flow rate=2.5 × weight (kg)+100 ml/min., using polysulphane hollow fiber dialyzers suitable for the surface area of the patients (Fresenius F3=0.4 m2, F4=0.7 m2, F5=1.0 m2 and F6=1.2 m2). Bicarbonate dialysis solutions were used.

Inclusion criteria: Children with ESRD on regular haemodialysis.

Exclusion criteria: Children with ESRD on conservative treatment or on peritoneal dialysis or post transplantation.

All patients and controls were subjected to the following

History taking: Including duration of dialysis and thrombotic episodes.

Clinical examination: Anthropometric measurements (weight and height) and blood pressure estimation were taken in the dialysis free day.

Laboratory investigations:

• Routine laboratory investigations: Which were done just predialysis including complete blood picture (CBC), serum creatinine, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and glomerular filteration rate (GFR), parathormone (PTH) and blood electrolytes, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), clotting and bleeding time.

• Serum level of ADAMTS13: Venous blood samples were taken immediately before hemodialysis session. Samples were drawn in tubes with EDTA. Serum was separated by low speed centrifugation. ADAMTS13 Levels were determined by automated enzymatic assays using commercially available reagents (Human ADAMTS13 enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) Micro plate). Its kit was based on sandwich enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay technology. Anti-human ADAMTS13 antibody was pre-coated onto 96-well plates. Biotin conjugated anti-human ADAMTS13 antibody was used as detection antibodies.

Statistical Analysis

‘Data were collected and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows’ (version 12). All Data were expressed in terms of mean ± SD. Comparisons among groups were made using paired t test. ‘Two-group comparisons were performed non-parametrically using Mann-Whitney U test’. ‘All statistical tests were two tailed and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant’.

Results

Clinical and laboratory data of studied patients and controls are presented in Tables 1 and 2.There was no significant difference in age, sex, weight or height between patients and Control group (Table 1).

Table 1. Demographic data of studied patients and controls.

  Groups Statistical test
Patients (No=40) Controls (No=40) T or X2 P-value
Age (Years) Range 3 - 17 3 - 17 X2=0.924 0.361
Mean ±SD 11.2 ± 3.79 10 ± 4.39
Sex
No (%)		 Male No(%) 14 35% 14 35% T=0.00 1
Female No(%) 26 65% 26 65%
Weight (kg) Range 13 - 60 12 - 59 X2=-0.862 0.394
Mean ±SD 29 ± 13.96 32.85 ± 14.28
Height (cm) Range 95 - 164 90 - 162 X2=-0.444 0.659
Mean ±SD 131.1 ± 19.31 133.8 ± 22.73
Duration of Dialyses (months) Range 6 - 84      
Mean ±SD 24.95 ± 20.34      
Vascular
Access
No (%)		 Catheter
No (%)		 10 -25%      
     
A.V fistula No (%) 30 75%      
Chi-Square = X2

Table 2. Laboratory date of studied patient and controls.

  Groups Statistical Test
Patients Controls X2 P-value
HB(g/dl) Range 7.2 - 11 9.5 - 13.2 -5.718 <0.001*
Mean ±SD 8.96 ± 1.03 10.92 ± 1.17
TLC/Cmm Range 3100 - 11500 4000 - 14000 -3.697 <0.001*
Mean ±SD 6614 ± 2359.15 9615 ± 2758.96
Platelets (x109per liter) Range 88 - 379 150 - 350 -2.246 0.031*
Mean ±SD 207.25 ± 81.61 258.5 ± 61.24
S.Creatinine (mg/dl) Range 3.9 - 14.1 0.2 - 1 11.928 <0.001*
Mean ±SD 7.72 ± 2.69 0.49 ± 0.29
BUN (mg/dl) Range 22 - 142 7 - 10 8.375 <0.001*
Mean ±SD 72.1 ± 34.42 7.63 ± 0.93
GFR(ml/min/1.73 m2) Range 2.29 - 18.3 126 - 145 -74.051 <0.001*
Mean ±SD 7.02 ± 4.18 133.6 ± 6.4
PTT (seconds) Range 26 - 64 25 - 45 1.648 0.108
Mean ±SD 36.92 ± 8.81 32.7 ± 7.3
PT (seconds) Range 12.3 - 32.5 11 - 16 1.981 0.055
Mean ±SD 14.83 ± 4.34 12.8 ± 1.48
Bleeding time(minutes) Range 4.3 - 5.9 1.8 - 4 13.677 <0.001*
Mean ±SD 5.04 ± 0.46 2.44 ± 0.72
Clotting time (minutes) Range 8.3 - 11 4 - 7.4 14.054 <0.001*
Mean ±SD 9.15 ± 0.7 5.13 ± 1.08
PTH (pg/ml) Range 70.33 - 829.9 25 - 67 5.8 <0.001*
Mean ±SD 343.54 ± 228.97 46.15 ± 12.31
Serum Na (mmol/L) Range 126 - 140 135 - 145 -5.147 <0.001*
Mean ±SD 133.6 ± 3.36 138.85 ± 3.08
Serum K
(mmol/L)		 Range 4.8 - 6.3 3.4 - 5 8.23 <0.001*
Mean ±SD 5.48 ± 0.51 4.1 ± 0.55
Serum ca( mg/dl) Range 5.4 - 9.8 8.9 - 11.5 -6.648 <0.001*
Mean ±SD 8.01 ± 0.9 9.9 ± 0.9
Serum phosphate mg/dl Range 5 - 11 2.5 - 5 7.417 <0.001*
Mean ±SD 6.52 ± 1.4 3.65 ± 1.01

There was significant decrease in hemoglobin level, total leucocytic count (TLC) and platelets count in patients when compared to the controls while there was significant increase in serum creatinine, blood urea and BUN in the studied patients when compared to the control group (Table 2). There was no significant difference in patients PT and PTT when compared to control group while there was significant increase in patients bleeding and coagulation time when compared to control group (Table 2). There was a highly significant increase in PTH level, potassium (K+) level and phosphorus level in patients as compared to controls while there was a highly significant decrease in sodium (Na) level and calcium (ca++) level in patients as compared to controls (Table 2).

As regard to serum ADAMTS 13 levels, there was a highly significant decrease in patients when compared to controls but there was no significant difference between male and female patients (Table 3). There was a highly significant decrease in patients with thromotic episodes in the form of vascular access thrombosis (VAT) when compared to those without episodes of thrombi but there was no significant difference between patients using transient catheter and patients using A.V fistula (Table 3). Figure 1 showed that 26 patients (65%) have history of VAT in studied patients. There was no significant correlation between serum level of ADAMTS 13 and different demographic data of studied patients (Table 4). There was also no significant correlation between serum ADAMTS 13 and most of laboratory data of studied patients while there was a significant negative correlation between serum ADAMTS13 and TLC/cm in studied patients (Figure 2) and a significant positive correlation between serum ADAMTS13 and bleeding time and coagulation time in studied patients (Figures 3 and 4).

trauma-critical-care-access-thrombosis

Figure 1: Incidence of vascular access thrombosis (CAT) among studied patients.

trauma-critical-care-leucocytic-count

Figure 2: Correlations between serum ADAM TS 13 level (ng/ml) and total leucocytic count (TLC /Cmm).

trauma-critical-care-bleeding-time

Figure 3: Correlations between serum ADAMTS 13 level (ng/ml) and bleeding time (min).

trauma-critical-care-clotting-time

Figure 4: Correlations between serum ADAMTS 13 level (ng/ml) and clotting time (min).

Table 3. Serum ADAM TS 13 levels in the studied patients and controls.

  serum ADAM TS 13(ng/ml) T-Test
Range(ng/ml) Mean ±SD(ng/ml) T- value P-value
Studied groups Patients
(No=40)		 0.54 - 2.85 1.56 ± 0.65 -5.474 <0.001*
Controls
(No=40)		 2.78 - 20.3 7.52 ± 4.83
Sex Male (No=14) 0.73 - 2.85   1.56±0.74   -0.002 0.999
Female (No=26) 0.54 - 2.3 1.56±0.63  
Thrombotic episodes Positive(No=26) 0.54 - 2.05 1.25 ± 0.55 3.675 0.002
Negative(No=14) 1.49 - 2.85 2.12 ± 0.41
Vascular access A.V fistula (No=30) 0.54 - 2.85 1.6 ± 0.66 -0.504 0.62
Catheter(No=10) 0.73 - 2.3 1.43 ± 0.69

Table 4. Correlations between serum level of ADAMTS 13 and demographic and laboratory data of studied patients.

  r P-value
Age (Years) -0.261 0.267
Weight (kg) -0.252 0.284
Heightt (cm) -0.407 0.075
Duration of Dialyses (monthes) -0.157 0.509
HB(gm/dl) 0.205 0.385
TLC/Cmm -0.506 0.023*
Platelets x109per liter 0.377 0.101
Creatinine (mg/dl) 0.416 0.068
BUN (mg/dl) 0.135 0.572
Urea (mg/dl) 0.256 0.276
GFR(ml/min/1.73 m2) -0.293 0.21
PTT (sec) 0.444 0.05
PT (sec) 0.199 0.4
Bleeding time (min) -0.58 0.007*
Clotting time (min) -0.585 0.007*
PTH (pg/ml) 0.043 0.859
Serum Na ( mmol/L) 0.007 0.976
Serum K ( mmol/L) 0.317 0.173
Serum ca++(mg/dl) 0.051 0.83
Serum phosphate (mg/dl) 0.006 0.981
Pus in urine/H.P.F -0.306 0.19
Protein in urine(g/24hrs) 0.272 0.246
RBCs in urine/ H.P.F -0.15 0.529

Discussion

Thrombosis especially in the vascular access constitutes one of the most important causes of hospitalizations in HD patients [10]. Von Willebrand factor is a blood clotting protein that attaches to cells and proteins to form a blood clot after injury and decrease bleeding. Von Willebrand factor interacts with platelets necessary for blood clotting. Because there is a deficiency in ADAMTS13 in CKD patients, large von Willebrand factor accumulate in plasma causing clots [11].

In our study, Our patients have a characteristic anemia. This is in agreement with Fadrowki et al. who stated that the anemia of CKD is due to reduced renal erythropoietin production and shortened red cell survival [12]. In contrary to our results, Gibertson DT et al. reported that among chronic dialysis patients, hemoglobin levels have markedly increased due to Widespread use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and intravenous iron over past 15 years [13].

In our study, there is a significant decrease in total leucocytic count (TLC) of patients when compared to controls. This is in agreement with Greer JP, who stated that in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis, exposure of patient blood to artificial membranes of the dialyser may result in the classic complement activation pathway typically producing complements (C3a or C5a) which induce neutrophil aggregation and adherence to endothelial surface with resultant fall in total leukocyte count [14]. In the contrary, Arogundade FA reported that total WBC count are within normal due to the fact that uraemia affects the function of leukocytes rather than granulopoiesis and this is the reason why there is poor leukocytes response to infection in CKD patients [15].

In our study, there is a significant decrease in platelets count of patients when compared to controls. This may explain the relation between ADAMTS13 deficiency and low platelets count. Since this enzyme is required for cleavage and clearance of ultralarge vWF (ULvWF) from circulation, its reduction contribute to higher vWF levels and lower platelet count in HD patients which probably contributes to the hypercoagulable state seen in these patients. ADAMTS13 deficiency plays a vital role in causing thrombosis and consumption of platelets in the process of thrombosis. Platelets production may also be affected by ureamic toxins, its production may depends on erythropioetin which be deficiently secreted by the kidney or heparin induced thrombocytopenia may be the cause. This is in agreement with Abdu A [16]. But our result is not in agreement with Akinsola A who reported that in CKD the platelets functions are affected leading to platelets dysfunction due to ureamic toxins without affection on platelets count [17].

In our study, serum creatinine, blood urea and BUN are increased in patients than control group. This is in agreement with, Wong [18].

In our study, there is a significant decrease in patients GFR when compared to control group. This is in agreement with Furth SL, [19] and K/DOQI, [20].

In our study, there was no difference in PT and PTT of patients when compared to control group. This in agreement with Zahit B, [21] but this is not in agreement with Mohamed Ali MS who showed prolongation of PTT and PT in HD patients. This controversy of results is explained by the difference in the doses of used heparin during HD sessions, the variability of number of HD sessions or inclusion of patients with renal transplant and peritoneal dialysis in their studies. While our study included only haemodialysis patients with no prior renal transplant [22].

In our study, there is significant increase in bleeding time and coagulation time when compared to control group. This is in agreement with Soland JA. This is due to platelets abnormality [23].

In our study, there was a highly significant decrease in Na level in patients as compared to controls. This is in agreement with Graziani which explained that by excessive free water intake or reduced solute intake which leads to lower predialysis serum sodium concentrations [24].

In our study, there was a highly significant increase in K+ level in patients as compared to controls. This is in agreement with Kaskel F who reported that persistent hyperkalemia in dialysis patients is likely to be caused by disorders of external potassium balance: excessive potassium intake, inadequate potassium elimination, or a combination of the two [25].

In the present study, there was a highly significant decrease in calcium level and a highly significant increase in phosphate level in patients as compared to controls. The is in agreement with Taniguchi S et al. [26] but not in agreement with Tomasello S et al. [27] .

In the present study vascular access thrombosis (VAT) detected in 13 (65%) patients. This is in agreement with, Anstadt MP, who reported that many mechanisms explain thrombo embolism in HD patients, endothelial injury, which probably resulting from uremia, hypertension, hyperparathyroidism, increases vWF levels, chronic activation of platelet and endothelial cells besides, inflammatory cytokines which promote ULvWF release from endothelial cells to plasma [28].

In our study, patients have statistically significant lower levels of serum ADAMTS 13 when compared to healthy controls. This may explain the role of kidneys in ADAMTS13 synthesis, in its metabolism or its release into plasma by injured endothelial cells especially in patients with chronic kidney disease. This result is in agreement with many previously published papers e.g., Taniguchi S et al. [26] and Ocak G et al. [29]

But this results differ from other published papers e.g. Scheiflinger F [30] and Bernardo A et al. [31] as they stated that the marked elevation in plasma level of vWF leads to increased ADAMTS 13 synthesis as a compensatory mechanism. This compensatory elevation in ADAMTS13 Ag level to increase ADAMTS13 activity which may be responsible for keeping VWF/ADAMTS13 Ag and VWF/ADAMTS13 activity ratios unchanged.

Regarding vascular access thrombosis (VAT) in our study, 13 patients (65%) of patients have VAT. It is observed in our study that serum ADAMTS 13 levels are significantly lower in patients with thrombotic episodes when compared to those without thrombotic episodes. So serum ADAMTS 13 levels can be used as a biomarker of hypercoagulability state in children with ESRD under regular hemodialysis. This result is in accordance with Taniguchi S et al. [26] and Ocak G et al. [29] who reported similar results.

Our study showed no difference in ADAMTS 13 level between males and females and in different types of vascular access permenant cathter or arteriovenous (AV) fistula.

In our study, there was no significant correlation between ADAMTS 13 and duration of dialysis of studied patients in spite of previously published relation between dialysis duration and serum ADAMTS13 level which may indicates the role of uremic state in the pathogenesis of decreased level of ADAMTS 13 [32].

Conclusion

Hemodialysis process, as well as ESRD, constitutes acquired risk factors for thrombosis due to platelets and clotting factors activation. Children with ESRD under regular HD have lower levels of serum ADAMTS 13 than controls which increase the risk for thrombosis so reduced serum ADAMTS13 levels may be considered a marker for thrombotic tendency especially in the vascular access. Coagulation control in haemodialysis patients is important especially in vascular access for prevention of VAT which constitutes one important cause of hospitalizations in HD children.

Recommendations

We recommend regular follow-up of children with ESRD and early evaluation of ADAMTS 13 levels as an early biomarker of hypercoagulability to build strategies to control these risk factors of thrombosis in dialysis children especially vascular access thrombosis. It is possible to re-engineer ADAMTS13 protease to improve specific activity, which may offer therapeutic benefits to patient’s children with ESRD. This cross-sectional study is essential to guide further longitudinal studies that explore further data about thromboembolic complications of children with ESRD under regular HD.

References

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